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This study uses three prospective cohorts (CHARLS, ELSA, HRS) to evaluate associations via Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox models. Results examine graded CMM risk by baseline and cumulative IC levels, and differing risk patterns across persistent impairment, decline, and improvement 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December 2025 DOI 10.3389/fendo.2025.1738997  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nGiosiana Bosco,  \nUniversity of Catania, Italy  \nREVIEWED BY  \nYan Luo,  \nCity University of Hong Kong, China Tien Van Nguyen,  \nThai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nFei Liu  \n [feifei3683@163.com](feifei3683@163.com)[ ](feifei3683@163.com)Xiaoping Zhu  \n [xiaopingzhu0424@163.com](xiaopingzhu0424@163.com)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 04 November 2025  \nREVISED 02 December 2025  \nACCEPTED 03 December 2025  \nPUBLISHED 17 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nWang Z, Wang L, Tang L, Li X, Lu Y, Yu X, Liu Fand Zhu X (2025) Association between intrinsic capacity, changes in intrinsic capacity, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity:  \nresults from three prospective cohort studies. Front. Endocrinol. 16:1738997 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1738997  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Wang, Wang, Tang, Li, Lu, Yu, Liu and Zhu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nAssociation between intrinsic capacity, changes in intrinsic  \ncapacity, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: results from three prospective cohort studies  \nZiyue Wang 1,2†, Lu Wang 1†, Lulu Tang1, Xiaorui Li 2, Yu Lu 1, Xiaoli Yu 1, Fei Liu 1* and Xiaoping Zhu 1*  \n1 Department of Nursing, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 2School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China  \nBackground: Intrinsic capacity (IC)is closely associated with cardiometabolic health in middle-aged and older adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of baseline IC, cumulative IC scores, and their dynamic changes with the risk of incident cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) . Methods: Using data from three prospective cohorts, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), participants who met the eligibility criteria were included in this study. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox models analyzed risk trends and associations.  \nResults: A total of 11,916 participants were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. At baseline, the risk of CMM in the injured group was significantly higher than that in the non-injured group(Pooled: HR = 1.40, 95% CI 1 .30-1. 52, P \u003C 0 . 001); Cumulative IC scores showed a graded association with CMM risk: individuals with moderately reduced scores (≈1 SD below intact) had higher risk (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.09–1.36), and those with substantially reduced scores (>1 SD below intact) had even higher risk (HR = 1 . 61, 95% CI 1 .47–1.78) . For dynamic changes, CMM risk was significantly higher in persistent impairment and decline groups; even the improvement group had higher risk than the no-decline group (Decline: HR = 1 . 25, 95% CI 1 .10-1.42, P \u003C 0 . 001; Improvement: HR = 1 . 28, 95% CI 1 .13-1.45, P \u003C 0 . 001; Persistent impairment: HR = 1 . 63, 95% CI 1 .48-1. 80, P \u003C 0 . 001) .  \nConclusions: IC and its changes relate to CMM risk. Even with IC improvement, risk remains higher than in those with intact IC. Precise strategies to delay IC decline and individualized interventions are needed for CMM control.  \nKEYWORDS  \naging, cardiometabolic multimorbidity, dynamic changes, intrinsic capacity, prospective cohort study  \nFrontiers in Endocrinology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nIntroduction  \nCardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are a group of diseases related to cardiac function and metabolic processes, ","cbCaigaSpD6nE459","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigaSpD6nE459","pdf",979092,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Cardiometabolic multimorbidity and intrinsic capacity framework\n## Research gaps","[{\"question\":\"What is the main objective of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To determine how baseline intrinsic capacity, cumulative IC scores, and dynamic changes in IC relate to the risk of incident cardiometabolic multimorbidity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cohorts and methods were used?\",\"answer\":\"Data from three prospective cohorts—CHARLS, ELSA, and HRS—were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox models to assess risk trends and associations.\"},{\"question\":\"How do intrinsic capacity and its changes relate to CMM risk?\",\"answer\":\"Higher or worsening reductions in IC—whether baseline/cumulative or persistent decline—are associated with significantly higher CMM risk, and even improvement does not reduce risk to the level of no decline.\"}]","Association between intrinsic capacity, changes in intrinsic capacity, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity - results from three prospective cohort studies | PDF",1790573691,23]