[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-150652-en":3,"doc-seo-150652-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},150652,549768702563,"Fahsai","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083",7,"Healthcare","Association among Blink Rate, Changes in Ocular Surface Temperature, Tear Film Stability, and Functional Visual Acuity in Patients after Cataract Surgery","A clinical study investigates how ocular surface temperature (OST), tear film stability, blink rate, and functional visual acuity (FVA) interact in patients after cataract surgery. Ninety-eight eyes from sixty-nine participants were examined one month after phacoemulsification with acrylic intraocular lens implantation using slit-lamp assessment, corrected distance VA, noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and OST changes from 0 to 10 seconds after eye opening. Participants were stratified into stable and unstable tear film groups based on NIBUT, and between-group differences and correlations with blink rate were analyzed. Results indicate that blink frequency is higher when tear film stability is reduced, and that ΔOST independently contributes to blink rate, supporting its clinical value for evaluating tear film stability.","Hindawi  \nJournal of Ophthalmology  \nVolume 2019, Article ID 8189097, 8 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8189097](https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8189097)  \nClinical Study  \nAssociation among Blink Rate, Changes in Ocular Surface Temperature, Tear Film Stability, and Functional Visual Acuity in Patients after Cataract Surgery  \nTakashi Itokawa,1,2 Yukinobu Okajima,2 Takashi Suzuki,2,3 Tatsuhiko Kobayashi, 1,2 Yuto Tei, 1,2 Koji Kakisu,2 and Yuichi Hori 1,2  \n1Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan  \n2Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan  \n3Ishizuchi Eye Clinic, Niihama, Ehime, Japan  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Yuichi Hori; [yhori@med.toho-u.ac.jp](yhori@med.toho-u.ac.jp)  \nReceived 1 April 2019; Revised 17 June 2019; Accepted 27 July 2019; Published 19 August 2019  \nGuest Editor: Pablo de Gracia  \nCopyright © 2019 Takashi Itokawa et al. -is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nPurpose. To investigate the association among the ocular surface temperature (OST), tear ﬁlm stability, functional visual acuity (FVA), and blink rate in patients after cataract surgery. Methods. We recruited 98 eyes of 69 patients (mean age, 73.7 ± 5.2 years)  \n1 month after phacoemulsiﬁcation with implantation of acrylic intraocular lenses and assessed slit-lamp microscopy, corrected distance VA, FVA, noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and OST. We deﬁned the changes in the OST from 0 to 10 seconds after eye opening as the ΔOST. We measured the FVA and blink rate using the FVA measurement system. We divided the patients into two groups based on tear ﬁlm stability: stable tear ﬁlm (NIBUT, >5.0 seconds) and unstable tear ﬁlm (NIBUT, ≤5.0 seconds) . We evaluated the diﬀerences between the two groups and the association between the blink rate and other clinical parameters. Results. -e unstable tear ﬁlm group (56 eyes) had signiﬁcantly (p \u003C 0.0001, unpaired t-test) shorter NIBUTs than the stable tear ﬁlm group (42 eyes). -e ΔOSTs and blink rates were signiﬁcantly (p \u003C 0.0001) higher in the unstable tear ﬁlm group than in the stable group. Linear single regression analysis showed that the ΔOST (r 􀂈 − 0.430, p \u003C 0.0001), NIBUT (r 􀂈 − 0.392, p \u003C 0.0001), and gender (r 􀂈 − 0.370, p 􀂈 0.0002) were correlated signiﬁcantly with the blink rate. Multiple regression analysis showed that the ΔOST independently contributed to the blink rate. Conclusions. -e frequency of blinks is associated with tear ﬁlm stability inpatients after cataract surgery. -e blink rate may be useful for evaluating the tear ﬁlm stability in clinical practice. -e ΔOST should be an important contributing factor to the blink rate. [-is trial is registered with UMIN000026970] .  \n1. Introduction  \nWith improvements in the techniques of cataract surgery, the invasiveness of the surgery has been minimized greatly [1–4] . However, some patients are unsatisﬁed with the visual quality even though they have good visual acuities (VAs) [5] . Tear ﬁlm instability on the ocular surface is a possible cause of the problem [6–11]. After cataract surgery, problems with the ocular surface and tear ﬁlm stability contribute to reduced corneal sensitivity, number of goblet cells, and mucin expression, resulting in decreased tear ﬁlm breakup time (BUT)[6–10] . -ese phenomena are believed to impair tear ﬁlm  \nstability and reduce visual quality. Koh et al. reported that tear ﬁlm instability degraded the optical quality and increased the higher order aberrations [11] .  \n-e ocular surface temperature (OST) represents the physiological function and pathological diagnosis of the ocular surface, and OST has been used to investigate ocular diseases such as dry eye, contact lens discomfort, allergic conjunctivitis, and glaucoma [12–15] . When the t","cbCaifUl5k9JjjQ0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifUl5k9JjjQ0","pdf",1611798,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Purpose and Methods\n## Participants and grouping\n## Measurements and definitions\n# Results\n## Group differences\n## Regression and correlations\n# Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What was the study purpose after cataract surgery?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate the association among ocular surface temperature (OST), tear film stability, functional visual acuity (FVA), and blink rate in patients after cataract surgery.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study define tear film stability?\",\"answer\":\"Tear film stability was categorized using noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), with stable tear film defined as NIBUT \\u003e 5.0 seconds and unstable tear film as NIBUT ≤ 5.0 seconds.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study find about blink rate and tear film stability?\",\"answer\":\"The unstable tear film group showed significantly higher blink rates and higher ΔOST values than the stable tear film group, indicating a relationship between blink frequency and reduced tear film stability.\"}]","Association among Blink Rate, Changes in Ocular Surface Temperature, Tear Film Stability, and Functional Visual Acuity in Patients after Cataract Surgery | 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was the study purpose after cataract surgery?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"To investigate the association among ocular surface temperature (OST), tear film stability, functional visual acuity (FVA), and blink rate in patients after cataract surgery.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How did the study define tear film stability?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Tear film stability was categorized using noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), with stable tear film defined as NIBUT > 5.0 seconds and unstable tear film as NIBUT ≤ 5.0 seconds.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What did the study find about blink rate and tear film stability?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The unstable tear film group showed significantly higher blink rates and higher ΔOST values than the stable tear film group, indicating a relationship between blink frequency and reduced tear film 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