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\nAleksandra Górska 1, Agnieszka Markiewicz-Gospodarek 1, *, Mateusz Trubalski 2, Marta Z˙erebiec 2, Julia Poleszak 2 and Renata Markiewicz 3  \n1 Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland; [aleksandragorska@umlub.pl](aleksandragorska@umlub.pl)  \n2 Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland; [mateusztrub@gmail.com](mateusztrub@gmail.com) (M.T.);  \n[zerebiecm22@gmail.com](zerebiecm22@gmail.com) (M.Z˙ .); [juliapoleszak3@gmail.com](juliapoleszak3@gmail.com) (J.P.)  \n3 Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; [renatamarkiewicz@umlub.pl](renatamarkiewicz@umlub.pl)  \n* Correspondence: [agnieszkamarkiewiczgospodarek@umlub.pl](agnieszkamarkiewiczgospodarek@umlub.pl)  \nCitation: Górska, A.;  \nMarkiewicz-Gospodarek, A.; Trubalski, M.; Z˙ erebiec, M.; Poleszak, J.; Markiewicz, R. Assessment of the Impact of Trace Essential Metals on Cancer Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6842. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25136842](10.3390/ijms25136842)  \nAcademic Editor: Kang-Nan Wang  \nReceived: 13 May 2024  \nRevised: 14 June 2024  \nAccepted: 19 June 2024  \nPublished: 21 June 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nAbstract: This study examines the impact of zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, and manganese on cancer development, considering their dual roles as potential promoters or inhibitors within tumorigenesis. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature and experimental data is conducted to elucidate the intricate relationship between these trace elements and cancer progression. The findings highlight the multifaceted effects of zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, and manganese on various aspects of cancer development, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Understanding the nuanced interactions between these trace elements and cancer could offer crucial insights into tumorigenesis mechanisms and facilitate the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment strategies. This research underscores the importance of considering the roles of essential trace elements in cancer biology and may ultimately contribute to advancements in precision medicine approaches for combating cancer.  \nKeywords: heavy metals; zinc; copper; cobalt; iron; manganese; carcinogenesis  \n1. Introduction  \nCarcinogenesis is a complex and protracted progression characterized by a series of stages. The conventional understanding posits that the development of cancer comprises a triphasic process, encompassing initiation, promotion, and progression stages. It encompasses genetic mutations, genomic instability, heightened activity of oncogenes, suppression of tumour suppressor genes, alterations in genetic material, and aberrations in cellular metabolism [1,2] . The initiation and progression of carcinogenesis are influenced by exogenous and endogenous factors, coupled with individual elements such as genetic predisposition [3,4] . It can be inferred that the amalgamation of diverse risk factors exerts the most significant impact on the evolution of cancer [4] .  \nAn extremely important group of exogenous carcinogenesis factors is the group of heavy metals (HMs) . In biological systems, heavy metals have been documented to impact various cellular organelles and constituents, including the cell","cbCaisuIdnThattH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisuIdnThattH","pdf",1544844,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Carcinogenesis stages\n## Heavy metals and cellular targets\n## Focus on essential trace metals","[{\"question\":\"Which trace essential metals are assessed for their role in cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"The review evaluates zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, and manganese and discusses how each can influence tumorigenesis.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are these metals considered both promoters and inhibitors of tumorigenesis?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights that the same trace elements can drive cancer-related processes or suppress them, depending on concentration and cellular context.\"},{\"question\":\"What cancer progression processes are specifically linked to these trace elements?\",\"answer\":\"The findings emphasize effects on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, reflecting multiple pathways in cancer development.\"}]","Assessment of the Impact of Trace Essential Metals on Cancer Development - Review | PDF",1789979356,43]