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Venous blood samples were obtained from 63 individuals with diabetic retinopathy and from healthy participants between January 1, 2020 and March 1, 2020. Serum endocan and HbA1c were measured, showing higher endocan levels in the retinopathy group and supporting its potential as a severity-guiding biomarker.",{"@graph":69,"@context":127},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/assessment-of-serum-endothelial-cell-specific-mole-1-esm-1-endocan-levels-in-patients-with-diabetic-retinopathy/443674/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/assessment-of-serum-endothelial-cell-specific-mole-1-esm-1-endocan-levels-in-patients-with-diabetic-retinopathy/443674.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Connor ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119,123],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the aim of assessing serum endocan in this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study evaluates serum endocan levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and determines the relationship between endocan and diabetic retinopathy activity by comparing patients with a control group.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were participants selected and what samples were used?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study included 63 patients with diabetic retinopathy and healthy individuals examined in the ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Venous blood samples were collected and serum endocan and HbA1c levels were evaluated.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What did the results show about endocan levels?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Serum endocan levels were statistically significantly higher in the diabetic retinopathy patient group compared with the control group (P \u003C .05).",{"name":124,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":125},"Why do the authors believe endocan may be clinically useful?",{"text":126,"@type":114},"The study hypothesizes that serum endocan levels could serve as a guiding parameter for assessing the severity of diabetic retinopathy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":129,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":131,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":133,"site_id":62},443674,1791033679,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":136},{"doc_id":133,"user_id":137,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},687207022233,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","~~EurasianJMed2025;57(4): 1 -4 ~~~~  Original Article ~~  \nOphthalmology  \nAssessment of Serum Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 (ESM-1, Endocan) Levels in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy  \nMustafa Yıldırım 1  , Emine Çinici 1  , Muhammet Çelik2 , Selcan İçtaş 1   \nCite this article as: Yıldırım M, Çinici E, Çelik M,İçtaş S. Assessment ofserum endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1, endocan) levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Eurasian J Med. 2025, 57(4), 1038, doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2025.251038.  \n1 Department of Ophthalmology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye 2Department of Biochemistry, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye  \nReceived: June 11, 2025  \nRevision Requested: June 19, 2025  \nLast Revision Received: August 19, 2025  \nAccepted: August 27, 2025  \nPublication Date: November 17, 2025  \nCorresponding author: Mustafa Yıldırım  \n[E-mail: mustafa.yildirim@atauni.edu.tr](E-mail: mustafa.yildirim@atauni.edu.tr)  \n[DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2025.251038](DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2025.251038)  \nContent of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground: The study aims to evaluate serum endocan (endothelial cell-specific molecule-1) levels inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine its relationship with disease activity by comparing it with a control group.  \nMethods: Venous blood samples were collected from 63 patients with diabetic retinopathy and healthy individuals who visited the policlinic between January 1, 2020, and March 1, 2020. Serum endocan and HbA1c levels were evaluated in the patients.  \nResults: The mean age of the patient and control groups was 62 ± 10.19 and 60.27 ± 5.53, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the patient and control groups in terms of age and gender. Serum endocan levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the patient group with diabetic retinopathy (P \u003C .05) .  \nConclusion: It was hypothesized that serum endocan levels could serve as a guiding parameter in assessing the severity of diabetic retinopathy.  \nKeywords: Diabetes mellitus, endocan, retinopathy  \nIntroduction  \nRetinopathy is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness, with its incidence ranging from 2.2% to 12.7% . 1 Diabetic retinopathy (DRP) has 2 primary stages: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) . Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy represents the initial stage of diabetic retinopathy and typically presents without symptoms. At this stage, the patient shows signs of pericyte loss, increased vascular permeability, and disruption of the inner blood-retinal barrier. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a severe stage in which neovascularization occurs, and changes that can progress to vitreous hemorrhages, fibrovascular membranes, and retinal detachment are observed.  \nThe American Diabetes Association has defined diabetic retinopathy as a tissue-specific neurovascular complication seen in both types of diabetes.2 Hyperglycemia increases the production of glycation end products, reactive oxygen species, and proinflammatory cytokines (such as Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) in plasma. These changes lead to dysfunction of the retinal neurovascular unit, characterized by microvasculopathy, pericyte cell loss, blood-retinal barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and neovascularization in the retina.3 Studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in DRP, especially endothelial dysfunction, have shown that local ischemia in the retina increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, etc. in the vitreous), growth factors (Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) etc.), adhesion molecules (","cbCaicHqN8qap5Cf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicHqN8qap5Cf","pdf",296638,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What is the aim of assessing serum endocan in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates serum endocan levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and determines the relationship between endocan and diabetic retinopathy activity by comparing patients with a control group.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants selected and what samples were used?\",\"answer\":\"The study included 63 patients with diabetic retinopathy and healthy individuals examined in the ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Venous blood samples were collected and serum endocan and HbA1c levels were evaluated.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show about endocan levels?\",\"answer\":\"Serum endocan levels were statistically significantly higher in the diabetic retinopathy patient group compared with the control group (P \\u003c .05).\"},{\"question\":\"Why do the authors believe endocan may be clinically useful?\",\"answer\":\"The study hypothesizes that serum endocan levels could serve as a guiding parameter for assessing the severity of diabetic retinopathy.\"}]","Assessment of Serum Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 (ESM-1, Endocan) Levels in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy | PDF",1790704884]