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Using rigorous quantitative methods, it analyzes empirical data from Austrian citizens (N=1109), combining self-assessments of one’s own digital competences with a knowledge test on digital tools. The results evaluate differences across gender, education level, age, first language, and length of residence, guided by DigComp 2.2 AT.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/assessing-the-second-level-digital-divide-in-austria-a-representative-study-on-demographic-differences-in-digital-competences/601482/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/assessing-the-second-level-digital-divide-in-austria-a-representative-study-on-demographic-differences-in-digital-competences/601482.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"hdkawk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the second-level digital divide mean in this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It focuses on differences in individuals’ digital competences and modes of using digital technologies rather than only physical access to devices or the internet.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the researchers measure digital competences?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They combined participants’ self-assessments of their digital competences with a knowledge test about digital tools.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which demographic factors are highlighted as important for the competence divide?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study reports that gender differences are substantial across competence areas, age gaps remain strong between under 18 and over 60, and education level and first language show positive effects.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601482,1792192773,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859855,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Assessing the Second-Level Digital Divide in Austria: A Representative Study on Demographic Differences in Digital  \nCompetences  \nAlexander Schmoelz1,* , Corinna Geppert2 , Stephanie Schwarz3 ,, Erich Svecnik4 , Jana Koch5 , Till Bieg 6 , Lisa Freund7  \n1 University of Vienna, Austria, [alexander.schmoelz@univie.ac.at](alexander.schmoelz@univie.ac.at) , [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-031X](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-031X)  \n2 University for Continuing Education Krem, Austria, [corinna.geppert@donau-uni.ac.at](corinna.geppert@donau-uni.ac.at) , [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-5766](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-5766)  \n3 Austrian Institute for Technology, Austria, [stephanie.schwarz@ait.ac.at](stephanie.schwarz@ait.ac.at), [https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1516-8019](https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1516-8019)  \n4 Federal Institute for Quality Assurance in the Austrian School System , Austria, [erich.svecnik@iqs.gv.at](erich.svecnik@iqs.gv.at) , [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-)  \n[7245-6195](7245-6195)  \n5 Assoziation for raising digital competences,Austria, [jana.koch@fit4internet.at](jana.koch@fit4internet.at) ,  \n6 Austrian Institute for Technology, Austria, [till.bieg@ait.ac.at](till.bieg@ait.ac.at)[ ](till.bieg@ait.ac.at)7 Austrian Institute for Technology, Austria, [lisa.freund@oeibf.at](lisa.freund@oeibf.at)  \nABSTRACT  \nThe second-level digital divide concerns individual levels of digital competences and demographic indicators of digital gaps. In this paper, we have analysed empirical data that allow a thorough and differentiated look into the second-level digital divide with a rigorous methodological quantitative approach. We investigated the relationship between results from a selfassessment of one’s own digital competences, and a knowledge test about digital tools among Austrian citizens (N=1109) . The study explores second-level digital divides in gender, education level, age, first language, and length of time living in the country regarding respective competence levels and areas, referring to the Digital Competence Model for Austria DigComp 2.2 AT. Results show that the digital gender divide is paramount across all competence areas, while the age divide remains strong when comparing under 18-year-olds with over 60-year-olds. Moreover, positive effects are related to education level and first language.  \n. KEYWORDS: Digital competences areas; digital divide ; Austria; knowledge test; self-assessment; second-level divide  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nStudies have indicated the presence of a digital divide ever since the World Wide Web was introduced to the public and gained momentum with further developments in digital technologies. The digital divide was initially associated with unequal access to technology, and pointed broadly to the dichotomous distinction and inequality between persons who did and persons who did not have access to the internet or digital devices. Dewan and Riggins (2005) noted that much of the research on this early digital divide focuses on first-level inequality effects, that is, on who has direct access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) . Core studies (Büchi et al. , 2016; Chakraborty and Bosman, 2005; Deursen and Dijk, 2013; Dewan and Riggins, 2005; Harden, 2020; OECD, 2021) point to the fact that some demographics are predominantly excluded from having access to digital technologies and can therefore not benefit from further ICT innovations. Those who are technologically, sociologically, and/or economically disadvantaged also often do not have access to digital media, creating a divide between them and those with access, and those for whom digital media is an integral part of their daily life.  \nIn further development of the distinction between persons with access and persons without (permanent) access to the internet or digital devices, studies have shown a digital divide on another level. Deursen & van Dijk (2013) point to the fact that being in ","cbCaisRdRRAKID5F","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisRdRRAKID5F","pdf",405728,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Digital divide: from first-level access to second-level competences\n## Second-level divide and demographic determinants\n## Beyond second level: third- and fourth-level perspectives","[{\"question\":\"What does the second-level digital divide mean in this study?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on differences in individuals’ digital competences and modes of using digital technologies rather than only physical access to devices or the internet.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers measure digital competences?\",\"answer\":\"They combined participants’ self-assessments of their digital competences with a knowledge test about digital tools.\"},{\"question\":\"Which demographic factors are highlighted as important for the competence divide?\",\"answer\":\"The study reports that gender differences are substantial across competence areas, age gaps remain strong between under 18 and over 60, and education level and first language show positive effects.\"}]","Assessing the Second-Level Digital Divide in Austria - A Representative Study on Demographic Differences in Digital Competences | PDF",1792092700,38]