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The sample included 411 pre-service teachers at a Russian university; 87.7% were female and 12.3% male. Expert judgments supported the scale development, and validity/reliability analyses were conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. 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Zhukova 1  \n 0000-0003-2867-5889  \nSergei P. Zhdanov 2  \n 0000-0002-1330-8165  \nTatiana A. Baklashova 3  \n 0000-0002-3038-6990  \nNatalya Y. Garnova 4  \n 0000-0002-6685-9761  \nOlga V. Pashanova 4  \n 0000-0003-2839-9343  \nIrina I. Kruse 5  \n 0000-0001-5710-1855  \nAlbina R. Shaidullina 6*  \n 0000-0002-0648-4312  \n1 State University of Management, Moscow, RUSSIA  \n2 National Research University «Moscow Power Engineering Institute», Moscow, RUSSIA  \n3 Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, RUSSIA  \n4 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, RUSSIA  \n5 Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, RUSSIA  \n6 Almetyevsk State Technological University «Petroleum High School», Almetyevsk, RUSSIA  \n* Corresponding author: [albina-plus@mail. ru](albina-plus@mail. ru)  \nCitation: Zhukova, M. A., Zhdanov, S. P., Baklashova, T. A., Garnova, N. Y., Pashanova, O. V., Kruse, I. I., & Shaidullina, A. R.(2025) . Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital  \nsociety. Contemporary Educational Technology, 17(4), ep607. [https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454](https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454)  \nARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT  \nReceived: 8 Jun 2025  \nAccepted: 11 Nov 2025  \nThe aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument that measures pre-service teachers’ readiness and attitudes towards online teaching practice. The sample of the study consisted of 411 pre-service teachers studying at a Russian university. 87.7% of the participants were female and 12.3% were male. When the age groups are analyzed, the 18-19 age group is 33.3%, the 20-21 age group is 32%, the 22-23 age group is 22.9% and the 24 and over age group is 11.8% . 83.2% of the participants had previous online teaching experience. During the scale development process, expert opinion was obtained and validity and reliability analyses were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had a three-factor structure: online teaching self-efficacy (11 items), online professional support and collaboration (8 items), and attitude towards online teaching and perception of development (5 items) . This three-factor structure explained 67.1% of the total variance. The reliability coefficients of the scale ranged between 0.841 and 0.956 for the sub-dimensions. As a result of the latent profile analysis, the participants were categorized into six different profiles: competent and enthusiastic group (37%), high performance group (20%), collaboration-focused group (1%), moderate adaptation group (29%), low motivation group (4%), and open to development group (10%) . The findings show that the developed scale is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to assess pre-service teachers’ online teaching readiness and attitudes.  \nKeywords: online practicum, teacher education, scale development, readiness, attitudes, digital society  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThe digital transformation has impacted many areas of education (Bonfield et al., 2020; Hai et al., 2021) . Teaching and learning practices in teacher education programs have also been affected by this transformation (Flores & Swennen, 2020; Quezada et al., 2020) . The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this transformation, requiring rapid adaptation to online teaching-learning environments (Brinia & Psoni, 2022; Kidd & Murray, 2020) . This change has made clear how vitally important it is to know how ready preservice teachers are for online learning and how they see online practiexperiences.  \nAlthough previous studies have looked at many facets of online teacher preparation, the thorough knowl","cbCaimgP7WaCiixo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimgP7WaCiixo","pdf",442748,"English","# Introduction\n## Research aims and assessment instrument goals","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To develop and validate a valid and reliable instrument that measures pre-service teachers’ readiness and attitudes toward online teaching practice.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the scale structured based on the analyses?\",\"answer\":\"Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a three-factor structure: online teaching self-efficacy, online professional support and collaboration, and attitude toward online teaching and perception of development.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the latent profile analysis find?\",\"answer\":\"Participants were categorized into six profiles: competent and enthusiastic, high performance, collaboration-focused, moderate adaptation, low motivation, and open to development.\"}]","Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society | PDF",1792090838,48]