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The report contrasts onshore carcass-search methods with the near-impossibility of systematic searches offshore, proposing model-based and empirical monitoring strategies. It details technologies such as radar, thermal cameras, ultrasonic bat detectors, and bird sound recorders, evaluates market systems, and outlines functional design considerations, advantages, and limitations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/assessing-fatality-risk-of-bats-at-offshore-wind-turbines/295642/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/assessing-fatality-risk-of-bats-at-offshore-wind-turbines/295642.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Margaret","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is estimating bat fatalities at offshore wind turbines difficult compared with onshore sites?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Carcass searching offshore is virtually impossible, unlike onshore where regular searches under turbines can be conducted. Therefore, technical or model-based alternatives are needed.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What model-based option does the report propose for estimating offshore bat fatality rates?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It proposes estimating the offshore fatality rate by extrapolating from onshore fatality rates using measured post-construction acoustic bat activity.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which equipment combinations are suggested for an empirical monitoring approach?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The report suggests radar to detect approaching objects, thermal cameras to assess collisions and barotrauma and support species identification, an ultrasonic bat detector for echolocation/social calls, and a bird sound recorder for flight calls and bird species identification.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},295642,1790193542,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":36,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451207643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Assessing fatality risk of bats at offshore wind turbines  \nAuthor(s) : S. Lagerveld1, C.A. Noort1, L. Meesters2, L. Bach3, P. Bach3, S.C.V. Geelhoed1 Wageningen University & Research report C025/20  \nAssessing fatality risk of bats at offshore wind turbines  \nAuthor(s): S. Lagerveld1, C.A. Noort1, L. Meesters2, L. Bach3, P. Bach3, S.C.V. Geelhoed1  \n1 Wageningen Marine Research  \n2 Wageningen Food & Biobased Research  \n3 Bach Freilandforschung  \nWageningen Marine Research Den Helder, March 2020  \nCONFIDENTIAL no  \nWageningen Marine Research report C025/20  \nKeywords: migratory bats, birds, offshore wind farms, fatalities, barotrauma, collision  \nClient: RWS Water, verkeer en Leefomgeving (WVL)  \nAttn. : Dhr. M. Platteeuw  \nPostbus 17  \n8200 AA, Lelystad  \nThis report can be downloaded for free from [https://doi.org/10.18174/518591](https://doi.org/10.18174/518591)[ ](https://doi.org/10.18174/518591)Wageningen Marine Research provides no printed copies of reports  \nWageningen Marine Research is ISO 9001:2015 certified.  \nPhoto cover: Hans Verdaat  \n© Wageningen Marine Research  \nWageningen Marine Research, an institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research (a foundation under Dutch private law) represented by Dr .  \nM.C.Th. Scholten, Managing Director  \nWageningen Marine Research accepts no liability for consequential damage, nor for damage resulting from applications of the results of work or other data obtained from Wageningen Marine Research. Client indemnifies Wageningen Marine Research from claims of third parties in connection with this application . All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced and / or  \nContents  \nContents 3  \nSummary 4  \n1 Introduction 6  \n1.1 Background 6  \n1.2 Problem definition 7  \n1.3 Aim of this study 7  \n1.4 Project team 7  \n1.5 Reading guide 7  \n2 Bats and wind turbines 8  \n3 Model-based approach to estimate offshore fatalities 10  \n3.1 Carcass searches 10  \n3.2 Pre-construction acoustic bat activity 11  \n3.3 Post-construction acoustic bat activity 11  \n4 Automated monitoring techniques 13  \n4.1 Camera techniques 13  \n4.2 Radar 15  \n4.3 Lidar 15  \n4.4 Acoustics 16  \n4.5 Impact sensors 17  \n5 Evaluated systems 18  \n6 Application design 24  \n6.1 Functional requirements 24  \n6.2 Elaboration of the requirements 24  \n6.3 Conceptual design 27  \n6.3.1 Radar 27  \n6.3.2 Thermal cameras 27  \n6.3.3 Bat detector 28  \n6.3.4 Bird sound recorder 28  \n6.3.5 System integration 29  \n7 Conclusions 30  \n8 Quality Assurance 32  \nReferences 33  \nJustification 38  \nSummary  \nRecent research shows that bats regularly occur offshore, in particular during the migration season . Atthe same, time land-based studies show that bats frequently become victim of wind turbines, and it is plausible that fatalities occur at sea as well. Given the fast development of the offshore wind sector it is urgently needed to determine the offshore fatality rate in order to assess the impact of offshore wind turbines on bat populations.  \nOn land the methodology for assessing the fatality rate is rather straightforward. This includes regular carcass searching under the wind turbines and adjusting the number of fatalities for causes of imperfect detection . Offshore, however, carcass searching is virtually impossible and therefore a model-based or technical solution may be a more appropriate approach, which may be also applicable for assessing bird fatalities.  \nThis report aims to provide guidance on how offshore fatalities could be monitored in the future. The first option is a model-based approach which assesses the offshore fatality rate by extrapolating onshore fatality rates based on the measured post-construction acoustic bat activity. The main advantages and disadvantages of this solution are:  \nAdvantages  \n• Relatively easy to implement  \nDisadvantages  \n• Possibly biased results:  \no When wind turbines with different dimensions are used for the reference data  \no When reference data is gathere","cbCaipVoLSfnCZXw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipVoLSfnCZXw","pdf",840881,"English","# Contents\n## Summary\n## 1 Introduction\n## 2 Bats and wind turbines\n## 3 Model-based approach to estimate offshore fatalities\n## 4 Automated monitoring techniques\n## 5 Evaluated systems\n## 6 Application design\n## 7 Conclusions\n## 8 Quality Assurance\n# References\n# Justification","[{\"question\":\"Why is estimating bat fatalities at offshore wind turbines difficult compared with onshore sites?\",\"answer\":\"Carcass searching offshore is virtually impossible, unlike onshore where regular searches under turbines can be conducted. Therefore, technical or model-based alternatives are needed.\"},{\"question\":\"What model-based option does the report propose for estimating offshore bat fatality rates?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes estimating the offshore fatality rate by extrapolating from onshore fatality rates using measured post-construction acoustic bat activity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which equipment combinations are suggested for an empirical monitoring approach?\",\"answer\":\"The report suggests radar to detect approaching objects, thermal cameras to assess collisions and barotrauma and support species identification, an ultrasonic bat detector for echolocation/social calls, and a bird sound recorder for flight calls and bird species identification.\"}]","Assessing fatality risk of bats at offshore wind turbines | PDF",1789721165,101]