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Data were collected from middle schools in the city center of Kutahya with 342 students aged 11–15 using easy sampling. “Depression Scale for Kids” was applied, with reliability assessed by Cronbach’s alpha (0.657). Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests found no significant differences by gender, age, or sport involvement, while socioeconomic status showed a significant effect.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/asian-journal-of-education-and-training-vol-4-no-4-investigation-of-depression-level-of-middle-school-students-according-to-some-variables/592589/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/asian-journal-of-education-and-training-vol-4-no-4-investigation-of-depression-level-of-middle-school-students-according-to-some-variables/592589.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which variables were examined as predictors of depression level in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examined recreational sport participation, gender, age, and socioeconomic status as potential predictors of students’ depression levels.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the depression level measured?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Depression was measured using “Depression Scale for Kids,” improved by Kovacs (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Öy (1991). Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main results regarding gender, age, and sport involvement?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No significant differences were found between gender, age, sport involvement, and depression level (p > 0.05).",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"How did socioeconomic status relate to depression level?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"A significant difference was found between socioeconomic status and depression level (p \u003C 0.05), specifically between bad income and very good income groups.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},592589,1792877484,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":147,"read_time":52},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Asian Journal of Education and Training  \nVol. 4, No. 4, 280-283, 2018 ISSN(E) 2519-5387  \nDOI: 10.20448/journal.522.2018.44.280.283  \nInvestigation of Depression Level of Middle School Students’According to Some Variables  \nNurullah Emir EKİNCİ1   \n1Dumlupinar University School of Physical Education and Sport, Kutahya/Turkey  \nAbstract  \nThis study investigated the important predictors of depression levels of middle school students'according to their recreational sport participation, gender, age and their socioeconomic status. The data's of the study collected from middle schools in the city center of Kutahya, 342 (113 woman, 198 man) students randomly recruited and voluntarily participate to the study, age range 11-15. The easy sampling method was preferred in the present study. As a data collection tool\"Depression Scale for Kids\" was used improved by Kovacs (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Öy (1991) . In the evaluation of data first skewness and kurtosis values were evaluated and noskewness or kurtosis issues were found. Than reliability of the scale was assessed via Cronbach's alpha method and Cronbach's alpha calculated as .657. Lastly for definition of the data's MannWhitney U and Kruskal Wallis test used. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21. For Windows. As a result there were not any significant difference between gender, age, sport involvement and depression level of the students (p>0, 05) . But, there were a significant difference between socioeconomic status and depression level of the students (p\u003C0, 05) . The difference was between bad income and very good income.  \nKeywords: Depression, Middle school, Student, Recreation.  \nFunding: This study received no specific financial support.  \nCompeting Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this paper.  \nTransparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.  \nEthical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.  \nContents  \n1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 281  \n2. Methodology................................................................................................................................................................................... 281  \n3. Findings ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 281  \n4. Conclusion and Discussion........................................................................................................................................................... 282  \n5. Limitations and Suggestions ....................................................................................................................................................... 282  \nReferences ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 283  \n1. Introduction  \nToday's education system is not the only aim at future professions. Schools are obliged not only to provide information but also to socialize the individual. Because there are lots of depressive symptoms and poor coping skill exist for students, who constantly deal with multiple stressors in a complex society (Puskar et al., 2003) . Depression is among one of the most disabling disorders and frequently begins early in life (Fergusson and Woodward, 2002). Depression is a syndrome with symptoms, a feeling or a state of depression in the deep gloom of thought, slow down and rece","cbCail5PHtMRCJMq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail5PHtMRCJMq","pdf",448228,"English","# Introduction\n## Depression in children and adolescents\n## Role of sport and physical activity\n## Study motivation\n# Methodology\n## Study design\n# Findings\n## Reliability and statistical testing\n# Conclusion and Discussion\n## Overall results\n# Limitations and Suggestions\n# References","[{\"question\":\"Which variables were examined as predictors of depression level in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study examined recreational sport participation, gender, age, and socioeconomic status as potential predictors of students’ depression levels.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the depression level measured?\",\"answer\":\"Depression was measured using “Depression Scale for Kids,” improved by Kovacs (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Öy (1991). Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main results regarding gender, age, and sport involvement?\",\"answer\":\"No significant differences were found between gender, age, sport involvement, and depression level (p \\u003e 0.05).\"},{\"question\":\"How did socioeconomic status relate to depression level?\",\"answer\":\"A significant difference was found between socioeconomic status and depression level (p \\u003c 0.05), specifically between bad income and very good income groups.\"}]","Asian Journal of Education and Training - Vol. 4, No. 4 - Investigation of Depression Level of Middle School Students According to Some Variables | PDF",1792074894]