[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-455738-105":59,"doc-detail-455738-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","artificial-intelligence-in-transcranial-doppler-ultrasonography-mini-review","Artificial Intelligence in Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography - Mini-Review","","Transcranial Doppler provides ultrasound-based data useful for studying cerebral hemodynamics across multiple brain pathologies, particularly stroke, with speed, low cost, and repeatable measurements. Clinical literature also reports operator dependence and susceptibility to external influences such as noise, which demands greater parameter standardization. Artificial intelligence can support TCD by improving accuracy and precision while reducing operator variability. In time-dependent disorders like stroke, AI-enhanced TCD ultrasound may offer beneficial assistance for better diagnosis and treatment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/artificial-intelligence-in-transcranial-doppler-ultrasonography-mini-review/455738/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/artificial-intelligence-in-transcranial-doppler-ultrasonography-mini-review/455738.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ophelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is transcranial Doppler (TCD) used for in brain pathologies?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"TCD is used to obtain ultrasound data on various brain pathologies, especially to study cerebral hemodynamics in stroke. It enables rapid, economical, non-invasive, repeatable assessment of flow through common acoustic windows.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is operator dependence a concern in TCD/TCCD?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Literature reviews note that operator dependence can affect results, and external factors like noise may influence the measurements. This can require more standardization of acquisition parameters.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How can artificial intelligence improve TCD in stroke?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Artificial intelligence can increase the accuracy and precision of data collected with TCD while decreasing operator dependencies. Because stroke involves hemodynamic evolution over time, AI-supported TCD may improve diagnostic and treatment support for such time-dependent conditions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},455738,1791138947,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":81,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":39},7971461741311,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826","[1573-4056/25](1573-4056/25 Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net)[ Send Orders for Reprints to](1573-4056/25 Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net)[ ](1573-4056/25 Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net)[reprints@benthamscience.net](1573-4056/25 Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net)  \n1  \nCurrent Medical Imaging  \nContent list available at: [https://benthamscience.com/journals/cmir](https://benthamscience.com/journals/cmir)  \nMINI-REVIEW  \nArtificial Intelligence in Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography  \nAntonio Siniscalchi1,*, Vincenzo Inghingolo2, Piergiorgio Lochner3 and Giovanni Malferrari4  \n1Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy  \n2Neurology Unit and Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy 3Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Saarland University, Medical Center, Homburg, Germany  \n4 UOC Neurologia e Rete Stroke Metropolitana, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy  \nAbstract:  \nTranscranial Doppler is an instrumental ultrasound method capable of providing data on various brain pathologies, in particular, the study of cerebral hemodynamics in stroke, quickly, economically, and with repeatability of the data themselves. However, literature reviews from clinical studies and clinical trials reported that it is an operator-dependent method, and the data can be influenced by external factors, such as noise, which may require greater standardization of the parameters. Artificial intelligence can be utilized on transcranial Doppler to increase the accuracy and precision of the data collected while decreasing operator dependencies. In a time-dependent pathology, such as stroke, characterized by hemodynamic evolution, the use of artificial intelligence in transcranial Doppler ultrasound could represent beneficial support for better diagnosis and treatment in time-dependent pathologies, such as stroke.  \nKeywords: Antificial intelligence, Transcranial doppler, Transcranial duplex code color, Neurosonology, Cerebral hemodynamics, Ultrasonography.  \n\n| Article History | Received: June 04, 2024 | Revised: November 12, 2024 | Accepted: November 18, 2024 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n1. INTRODUCTION  \nTranscranial insonation of the cerebral circulation has been indicated in several pathologies, including ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion [1], elevated intracranial pressure [2], traumatic brain injury [3], and dementia [4] . Currently, there are two types of transcranial Doppler devices: transcranial Doppler (non-duplex, TCD) and later color-coded transcranial duplex TCD (TCCD) [1, 4] . TCDs (non-duplex, non-imaging devices) are capable of detecting arteries with the use of audible shift and Doppler spectrum without any need for visual guidance [1, 4] . TCCD (duplex imaging equipment) is an ultrasound technique that uses 2-3 MHz transducers and software to provide images of the cerebral vessels and simultaneously the Doppler spectrum of the same [1, 4] . Both TCD/TCCD are rapid, economical, non-invasive, and repeatable ultrasound diagnostic methods capable of providing real-time assessment of the flow of large cerebral arteries [1] through the four most commonly used acoustic windows: temporal, suboccipital, transorbital, and submandibular, although bone thickness, which is a patient-dependent  \n* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy;  \nE-mail: [anto.siniscalchi@libero.it](anto.siniscalchi@libero.it)  \nlimitation, may prevent acoustic window insonation by 10-15%, especially in blacks, Asians, and older women. This may be related to the thickness and porosity of bone around the acoustic windows and the attenuation of ultrasonic energy transmission [4 - 7] . Recently, the high sensitivity of the MicroV instrument has been found t","cbCaihJL1tS4NG9C","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihJL1tS4NG9C","pdf",5707483,"English","# Introduction\n## Transcranial Doppler devices and principles\n# Transcranial Doppler and cerebral blood flow\n## Hemodynamic measurements and key parameters\n## Limitations and angle-of-incidence considerations","[{\"question\":\"What is transcranial Doppler (TCD) used for in brain pathologies?\",\"answer\":\"TCD is used to obtain ultrasound data on various brain pathologies, especially to study cerebral hemodynamics in stroke. It enables rapid, economical, non-invasive, repeatable assessment of flow through common acoustic windows.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is operator dependence a concern in TCD/TCCD?\",\"answer\":\"Literature reviews note that operator dependence can affect results, and external factors like noise may influence the measurements. This can require more standardization of acquisition parameters.\"},{\"question\":\"How can artificial intelligence improve TCD in stroke?\",\"answer\":\"Artificial intelligence can increase the accuracy and precision of data collected with TCD while decreasing operator dependencies. Because stroke involves hemodynamic evolution over time, AI-supported TCD may improve diagnostic and treatment support for such time-dependent conditions.\"}]","Artificial Intelligence in Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography - Mini-Review | PDF",1790744107]