[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-118329-en":3,"doc-seo-118329-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},118329,13056703019404,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",7,"Healthcare","Artificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Review","Head and neck tumor differential diagnosis and prognosis pose persistent challenges for oral pathologists due to clinical similarity and histomorphological complexity. Artificial intelligence offers auxiliary support for objective interpretation of histomorphological digital slides. This review compiles digital histopathological image analysis applications targeting oral squamous cell carcinoma, based on a PubMed/MEDLINE literature search combining artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning with the OSCC focus, highlighting promising utility while emphasizing the need for ongoing clinical validation.","diagnostics  \nReview  \nArtificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review  \nVanesa Pereira-Prado 1, Felipe Martins-Silveira 1, Estafan½a Sicco 1, Jimena Hochmann 1, Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza 2, Rogelio Gonz¡lez Gonz¡lez 3, Deepak Pandiar 4 and Ronell Bologna-Molina 1,3, *  \nCitation: Pereira-Prado, V.;  \nMartins-Silveira, F.; Sicco, E.; Hochmann, J.; Isiordia-Espinoza, M.A.; González, R.G.; Pandiar, D.; Bologna-Molina, R. Artificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: AReview. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2416 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)diagnostics13142416  \nAcademic Editor: Francesco Inchingolo  \nReceived: 26 June 2023  \nRevised: 12 July 2023  \nAccepted: 17 July 2023  \nPublished: 20 July 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la Repóblica, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; [vanesapereira@odon.edu.uy](vanesapereira@odon.edu.uy) (V.P.-P.); [felipemartins@odon.edu.uy](felipemartins@odon.edu.uy) (F.M.-S.); [estefania.sicco@pedeciba.edu.uy](estefania.sicco@pedeciba.edu.uy) (E.S.); [jhochmann@fcien.edu.uy](jhochmann@fcien.edu.uy) (J.H.)  \n2 Department of Clinics, Los Altos University Center, Institute of Research in Medical Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico; [mario.isiordia@academicos.udg.mx](mario.isiordia@academicos.udg.mx)  \n3 Research Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad Ju¡rez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, Mexico; [rogelio.gonzalez@ujed.mx](rogelio.gonzalez@ujed.mx)  \n4 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai 600077, India; [deepakp.sdc@saveetha.com](deepakp.sdc@saveetha.com)  \n* Correspondence: [ronellbologna@odon.edu.uy](ronellbologna@odon.edu.uy)  \nAbstract: Head and neck tumor differential diagnosis and prognosis have always been a challenge for oral pathologists due to their similarities and complexity. Artificial intelligence novel applications can function as an auxiliary tool for the objective interpretation of histomorphological digital slides. In this review, we present digital histopathological image analysis applications in oral squamous cell carcinoma. A literature search was performed in PubMed MEDLINE with the following keywords:“artificial intelligence” OR “deep learning” OR “machine learning” AND “oral squamous cell carcinoma”. Artificial intelligence has proven to be a helpful tool in histopathological image analysis of tumors and other lesions, even though it is necessary to continue researching in this area, mainly for clinical validation.  \nKeywords: artificial intelligence; deep learning; digital image; histopathological analysis; machine learning; oral squamous cell carcinoma  \n1. Introduction  \nOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer around the world, with a high risk of morbidity and mortality [1] . Its diagnosis largely relies upon the correlation of clinical features and histopathological parameters, with more than 90% of the cases being morphologically diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) [2] . OSCC is an aggressive type of oral cancer, and its prognosis can be affected according to diagnostic delay [3] . The diagnosis of OSCC is sometimes difficult to establish, mainly due to the heterogeneity of the clinical lesions associated with the subjectivity that the histopathological interpretation of some cases may present, according to the empirical experience of the oral pathologist community [4] .  \nFurther, given the existing controversy in the differential diagnosis of various head and neck cancers, a","cbCaiaW6hY2m07TN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaW6hY2m07TN","pdf",2348623,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n# Results\n## Digital histopathological image analysis applications\n# Discussion\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"Why is diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis is difficult due to heterogeneity of clinical lesions, subjectivity in histopathological interpretation, and the similarity among head and neck cancers. Diagnostic delay can also influence prognosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does artificial intelligence support oral squamous cell carcinoma assessment?\",\"answer\":\"AI can serve as an auxiliary tool for more objective interpretation of histomorphological digital slides. It supports pattern recognition and can contribute to detection, diagnosis, and prognosis prediction.\"},{\"question\":\"What literature sources and search terms were used in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review used PubMed/MEDLINE and searched with terms combining artificial intelligence (including deep learning and machine learning) with oral squamous cell carcinoma.\"}]","Artificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Review | PDF",1785683086,33,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"artificial-intelligence-for-image-analysis-in-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-review","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/artificial-intelligence-for-image-analysis-in-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-review/118329/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma challenging?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Diagnosis is difficult due to heterogeneity of clinical lesions, subjectivity in histopathological interpretation, and the similarity among head and neck cancers. Diagnostic delay can also influence prognosis.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does artificial intelligence support oral squamous cell carcinoma assessment?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"AI can serve as an auxiliary tool for more objective interpretation of histomorphological digital slides. It supports pattern recognition and can contribute to detection, diagnosis, and prognosis prediction.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What literature sources and search terms were used in this review?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The review used PubMed/MEDLINE and searched with terms combining artificial intelligence (including deep learning and machine learning) with oral squamous cell carcinoma.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]