[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-117418-en":3,"doc-seo-117418-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},117418,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Artificial intelligence and machine learning - Conceptual framework and typology for consistent terminology","Artificial intelligence and machine learning have grown rapidly in information systems over the past decade, yet both terms remain used inconsistently across academia and industry. This work clarifies their relationship by reviewing relevant literature and building a conceptual framework that specifies how machine learning contributes to (artificial) intelligent agents. The paper further proposes a consistent typology for AI-based information systems, supporting terminological precision and guidance for interdisciplinary discussion and future research.","Electronic Markets (2022) 32:2235–2244  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00598-0](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00598-0)  \nArtificial intelligence and machine learning  \nNiklas Kühl1 · Max Schemmer1 · Marc Goutier2 · Gerhard Satzger1  \nReceived: 16 May 2022 / Accepted: 23 September 2022 / Published online: 9 November 2022 © The Author(s) 2022  \nAbstract  \nWithin the last decade, the application of “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning” has become popular across multiple disciplines, especially in information systems. The two terms are still used inconsistently in academia and industry—sometimes as synonyms, sometimes with different meanings. With this work, we try to clarify the relationship between these concepts. We review the relevant literature and develop a conceptual framework to specify the role of machine learning in building (artificial) intelligent agents. Additionally, we propose a consistent typology for AI-based information systems. We contribute to a deeper understanding of the nature of both concepts and to more terminological clarity and guidance—as a starting point for interdisciplinary discussions and future research.  \nKeywords Machine learning · Artificial intelligence · Terminology · Framework  \nJEL classification C0  \nIntroduction  \nArtificial Intelligence (AI) has been named as one of the most recent, fundamental developments ofthe convergence in electronic markets (Alt, 2021) and has become an increasingly relevant topic for information systems (IS) research (Abdel-Karim et al. , 2021 ; Alt, 2018) . While a large body of literature is concerned with designing AI to mimic and  \nResponsible Editor: Ioanna Constantiou  \n* Niklas Kühl [niklas.kuehl@kit.edu](niklas.kuehl@kit.edu)  \nMax Schemmer  \n[max.schemmer@kit.edu](max.schemmer@kit.edu)  \nMarc Goutier  \n[goutier@ise.tu-darmstadt.de](goutier@ise.tu-darmstadt.de)  \nGerhard Satzger  \n[gerhard.satzger@kit.edu](gerhard.satzger@kit.edu)  \n1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 89, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany  \n2 Technical University of Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Hochschulstr. 1, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany  \nreplace humans (Dunin-Barkowski, 2020 ; Fukuda et al. , 2001), IS research in general, and decision support systems (DSS) research in particular, emphasize the support of humans with AI (Arnott & Pervan, 2005) . Recent research in hybrid intelligence (HI) and human-AI collaboration offers a promising path in synthesizing AI research across different fields (Dellermann, 2019): The ultimate goal of HI is to leverage the individual advantages of both human and artificial intelligence to enable synergy effects (James & Paul, 2018) and to achieve complementarity (Hemmer et al., 2021) .  \nHowever, in many cases in both research and practice, AI is simply equated with the concept of machine learning (ML)—negatively impacting terminological precision and effective communication. Ågerfalk (2020, p.2) emphasizes that differentiating between AI and ML is especially important for IS research: “Is it not our responsibility as IS scholars to bring clarity to the discourse rather than contributing to its decline? (…) It would mean to distinguish between different types of AI and not talk of AI as synonymous with ML, which in itself is far from a monolithic concept.”  \nThe practical relevance of a clear understanding is underlined by observing confusion and misuse of the terms AI and ML: During Mark Zuckerberg’s U.S. senate hearing in April 2018, he stressed that Facebook had “AI tools to  \nFig. 1 Appearance of the terms“artificial intelligence” and“machine learning” and in AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket journals  \n\n| Number of articles containing the terms artificial intelligence (grey) and machine learning (black) in AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket\u003Cbr>25 ~~ ~~ |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| 20\u003Cbr>15\u003Cbr>10\u003Cbr>5\u003Cbr>0 |  |\n| 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 |  |\n\nidentify hate speech” as","cbCaic6A6xiybCZ8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic6A6xiybCZ8","pdf",936669,1,10,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Ambiguity in terminology\n## Misuse and practical consequences\n## Need for academic delineation\n## Aim and approach","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper focus on distinguishing AI and machine learning?\",\"answer\":\"The terms are used inconsistently, sometimes as synonyms and sometimes with different meanings, which reduces terminological precision and can harm communication in research and practice.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper clarify the relationship between AI and ML?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews relevant literature, develops a conceptual framework describing the role of machine learning in building (artificial) intelligent agents, and proposes a consistent typology for AI-based information systems.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the importance of terminology clarity in information systems research?\",\"answer\":\"Confusion and misuse can lead to misunderstandings and to research that may not be conducted, affecting perceived trustworthiness and impeding effective interdisciplinary discussion.\"}]","Artificial intelligence and machine learning - Conceptual framework and typology for consistent terminology | PDF",1785675772,25,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-conceptual-framework-and-typology-for-consistent-terminology","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-conceptual-framework-and-typology-for-consistent-terminology/117418/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why does the paper focus on distinguishing AI and machine learning?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The terms are used inconsistently, sometimes as synonyms and sometimes with different meanings, which reduces terminological precision and can harm communication in research and practice.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the paper clarify the relationship between AI and ML?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It reviews relevant literature, develops a conceptual framework describing the role of machine learning in building (artificial) intelligent agents, and proposes a consistent typology for AI-based information systems.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What is the importance of terminology clarity in information systems research?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Confusion and misuse can lead to misunderstandings and to research that may not be conducted, affecting perceived trustworthiness and impeding effective interdisciplinary discussion.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":133},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]