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Twelve middle-school students participated, aiming to strengthen empowerment through self-expression and community building. Complete data were available for six participants. Results showed positive change trends attributable to the program with probabilities ranging from 70% to 80%, with highest effects in attitudes and psychological adjustment. Limitations include a small sample size and a brief 10-hour intervention.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/art-as-agency-exploring-empowerment-of-at-risk-youth/592125/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/art-as-agency-exploring-empowerment-of-at-risk-youth/592125.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the art-based intervention program?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The program aims to empower at-risk youth through art-making that supports self-expression and community building, strengthening participants’ sense of self and confidence to act effectively.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many students participated and what data were available?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Twelve middle-school students participated. Complete data were obtained for six participants, which limited the generalizability of the statistical analysis.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What outcomes showed the strongest changes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The highest probabilities of positive trends were found for attitudes and psychological adjustment, indicating stronger improvement in these dimensions compared with other measured areas.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},592125,1792231933,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","B rief Reports  \nArt as Agency: Exploring Empowerment of At-Risk Youth  \nAnne Wallace-DiGarbo, Lancaster, PA, and David C. Hill, Millersville, PA  \nAbstract  \nThis report describes an art-based intervention program with at-risk youth that was inspired by the Project SelfDiscovery model (Milkman, Wanberg, & Robinson, 1996). Twelve middle-school students from a small city in a midAtlantic state participated in the program. The program goals included making art in order to empower the participants through self-expression and community building. Complete data were obtained for six of the participants. The probabilities (not chance) that the program produced positive trends in change rangedfrom 70% to 80%. Two dimensions—attitudes and psychological adjustment—reached the highest probabilities (p = .078). The small sample size and the brief nature of the intervention (10 hours total) limited both the ability to generalize and the statistical power of the analysis.  \nIntroduction  \nA growing body of evidence documents the power of the creative arts in engaging and redirecting disorganized and harmful behavior of youth (Davis, Soep, Sunaina, Remba, & Putnoi, 1993; Heath, Soep, & Roach, 1998; Mello, 1994; Milkman, Wanberg, & Robinson, 1996; Stone, Bikson, Moini, & McArthur, 1998; Weisel, 1999) . Developmental theorists and researchers have long viewed adolescence as a period of identity formation that includes crisis, alienation, idealism, and commitment (Erikson, 1968; Hall, 1904; Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman, 2001; Marcia, 1994; Offer, Ostrov, Howard, & Atkinson, 1988) . Adolescent emotions can drive or disrupt attention and retention skills (Sylwester, 1994) . We define empowerment as the de-  \nEditor’s note: Anne Wallace-DiGarbo, PhD, CAC, is a psychologist with Behavioral Healthcare Consultants in Lancaster, PA. David Hill is Associate Professor of Psychology at Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Millersville, PA. Grateful acknowledgements go to Carole Frances, Christie Griest, Gerald Simmons and the staff of Arbor Place Teen Center, Blanca Gonzalez of Transition Academy, Debra Vredenburg of Millersville University, Heather Beaudry, and Ivy Wallace for their assistance. Correspondence concerning this study may be addressed to Anne Wallace-DiGarbo at Behavioral Healthcare Consultants, 1755 Oregon Pike, Lancaster, PA.  \nvelopment of self-efficacy (Bandura, 2000) . In the context of the variety of emotional experience, adolescents must learn to process and compose often times intense experience in the direction of empowering themselves to become selfsufficient agents in creating their world. They must learn to develop forms of self-control in school, home, and other social contexts so that they can manage crises, inspire commitment, express idealism, and mitigate alienation.  \nYouth at risk present an additional challenge. They are identified as at-risk because of negative involvements and circumstances in their lives that hinder their development. The key risk factors include compromised mental health, school struggle and failure, family disruption, psychoactive substance use, and lawbreaking/deviancy (Milkman et al., 1996; Stepney, 2001) . The number and severity of these factors mark the degree of risk, and some adolescents manifest multiple dimensions of risk. When faced with ongoing stressors that affect their general well-being and performance, at-risk youth seek to avoid stress and to enhance pleasure (Stepney, 2001). For at-risk youth like those who participated in the art intervention project, imagining something different from their stressful daily reality could seem like an exercise in futility. Yet imagination and the exercise of flexible, risk-oriented thinking are powerful tools in creating competency (Amabile & Hennessey, 1992; Csikszentmilhalyi, 1997; Heath et al., 1998; Stepney, 2001). Attaching imagination to attainable goals mobilizes diverse internal and external resources (Heath et al., 1998) .  \nThe disci","cbCaioRaGrqPF303","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioRaGrqPF303","pdf",87044,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Method\n## Participants","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the art-based intervention program?\",\"answer\":\"The program aims to empower at-risk youth through art-making that supports self-expression and community building, strengthening participants’ sense of self and confidence to act effectively.\"},{\"question\":\"How many students participated and what data were available?\",\"answer\":\"Twelve middle-school students participated. Complete data were obtained for six participants, which limited the generalizability of the statistical analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes showed the strongest changes?\",\"answer\":\"The highest probabilities of positive trends were found for attitudes and psychological adjustment, indicating stronger improvement in these dimensions compared with other measured areas.\"}]","Art as Agency: Exploring Empowerment of At-Risk Youth | PDF",1792073914,18]