[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-589936-105":59,"doc-detail-589936-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","are-achievement-gaps-related-to-discipline-gaps-evidence-from-national-data","Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? - Evidence From National Data","","Growing interest in how racial achievement gaps connect to racial discipline gaps has been met by limited national-level research. This study integrates data from the Stanford Education Data Archive and the Civil Rights Data Collection and applies district fixed-effects models to examine links between discipline disparities and achievement gaps in Grades 3–8 across U.S. districts. Bivariate results show larger discipline gaps co-occur with larger achievement gaps, and robust patterns persist for Black-White gaps after controls, while mechanisms appear more salient for Black than White students.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/are-achievement-gaps-related-to-discipline-gaps-evidence-from-national-data/589936/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/are-achievement-gaps-related-to-discipline-gaps-evidence-from-national-data/589936.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What research question does the article address?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article examines whether and to what extent racial discipline gaps are related to racial achievement gaps at the national level, focusing on Grades 3 through 8.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the study analyze the relationship between discipline and achievement gaps?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It combines Stanford Education Data Archive data with Civil Rights Data Collection disciplinary data and uses district fixed effects, along with bivariate models and controls for confounding factors.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the findings show about discipline gaps and achievement gaps?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Districts with larger racial discipline gaps also show larger racial achievement gaps in bivariate results. The positive association between Black-White discipline gaps and Black-White achievement gaps remains robust after controlling for many confounding factors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589936,1792162113,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","AERA Open  \nOctober-December 2019, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1–18 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858419875440  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2019. [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nAre Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps?  \nEvidence From National Data  \nFrancis A. Pearman II  \nStanford University  \nF. Chris Curran  \nUniversity of Florida  \nBenjamin Fisher  \nUniversity of Louisville  \nJoseph Gardella  \nDrexel University  \nThere is growing interest in the relation between the racial achievement gap and the racial discipline gap. However, few studies have examined this relation at the national level. This study combines data from the Stanford Education Data Archive and the Civil Rights Data Collection and employs a district fixed effects analysis to examine whether and the extent to which racial discipline gaps are related to racial achievement gaps in Grades 3 through 8 in districts across the United States. In bivariate models, we find evidence that districts with larger racial discipline gaps have larger racial achievement gaps (and vice versa). Though other district-level differences account for the positive association between the Hispanic-White discipline gap and the Hispanic-White achievement gap, we find robust evidence that the positive association between the Black-White discipline gap and the Black-White achievement gap persists after controlling for a multitude of confounding factors. We also find evidence that the mechanisms connecting achievement to disciplinary outcomes are more salient for Black than White students.  \nKeywords: achievement gap, discipline gap, racial disparities, educational opportunity  \nIntroduction  \nRacial disparities in academic achievement and exclusionary school discipline have been persistent features of U.S. public schooling for decades (e.g., Curran, 2016; Gregory & Weinstein, 2008; Kinsler, 2011; Magnuson & Duncan, 2006) . In recent years, scholars concerned with matters of racial equity in schooling have begun to frame the two as interrelated, even as “two sides of the same coin”(Gregory, Skiba, & Noguera, 2010) . This framing often begins with evidence that Black students, and, to a lesser but still relevant degree, Hispanic students, are differentially exposed to virtually all forms of school discipline relative to White students (Krezmien, Leone, & Achilles 2006; Skiba, Michael, Nardo, & Peterson, 2002) . Scholars have then linked these differential rates of discipline to achievement disparities by pointing to evidence of the negative impacts of exclusionary discipline on achievement-related outcomes, including missing out on instructional time (Arcia, 2006), developing negative academic self-concepts (Taylor, DavisKean, & Malanchuk, 2007), placement in lower tracked courses (Watts & Erevelles, 2004), and dropping out of  \nschool (Christle, Jolivette, & Nelson, 2007) . According to this reasoning, any racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes that systematically affect students of color at higher rates than White students would naturally be associated with systematic racial discrepancies in achievement, controlling for other factors.  \nDespite growing awareness of the potential relation between them, there is limited empirical evidence, especially at the national level, about the link between the racial discipline gap and the racial achievement gap (for notable exceptions, see Gopalan, 2018; and Shores, Kim, & Stills, 2019) . And despite its intuitive appeal, there is at least some evidence to question the proposed magnitude and perhaps even the proposed direction of the association between discipline and achievement gaps. For instance, although discipline disparities between White and minority students have steadily grown over the past several decades (Losen, Hodson, Keith, Morrison, & Belway, 2015) the Black-White achievement gap ","cbCaischtHuBa558","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaischtHuBa558","pdf",912171,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Rationale for linking discipline and achievement gaps\n## Existing limitations in national evidence\n## Study approach and data sources","[{\"question\":\"What research question does the article address?\",\"answer\":\"The article examines whether and to what extent racial discipline gaps are related to racial achievement gaps at the national level, focusing on Grades 3 through 8.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study analyze the relationship between discipline and achievement gaps?\",\"answer\":\"It combines Stanford Education Data Archive data with Civil Rights Data Collection disciplinary data and uses district fixed effects, along with bivariate models and controls for confounding factors.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the findings show about discipline gaps and achievement gaps?\",\"answer\":\"Districts with larger racial discipline gaps also show larger racial achievement gaps in bivariate results. The positive association between Black-White discipline gaps and Black-White achievement gaps remains robust after controlling for many confounding factors.\"}]","Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? - Evidence From National Data | PDF",1792068437,45]