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\nISSN Online: 2327-0446  \nISSN Print: 2327-0438  \nArchimedes, Vitruvius and Leonardo: The Odometer Connection  \nMassimo Callegari, Stefano Brillarelli, Cecilia Scoccia  \nDepartment of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy  \nHow to cite this paper: Callegari, M., Brillarelli, S., & Scoccia, C. (2020) . Archimedes, Vitruvius and Leonardo: The Odometer Connection. Advances in Historical Studies, 9, 330-343.  \n[https://doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2020.95025](https://doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2020.95025)  \nReceived: October 30, 2020  \nAccepted: December 5, 2020  \nPublished: December 8, 2020  \nCopyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.  \nThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0) .  \n[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)  \nOpen Access  \nAbstract  \nA multimedia exhibition in Fano (I) in 2019 celebrated the tight links between Vitruvius and Leonardo on the 500th year since Leonardo’s death. The authors realized an interactive animation of some machines to let the visitors enjoy an immersive experience of the studies of the great scholars of the past. They also took the opportunity to review the history of the odometer and to  \nstudy how Leonardo redesigned the concept of Vitruvius. A few questions are still unanswered, but the search drove them back to another great scientist of the past, Archimedes of Syracuse.  \nKeywords  \nHistory of Machines, Mechanisms, Leonardo, Vitruvius, Archimedes, Odometer  \n1. Introduction  \n1.1. The Odometer  \nThe noun “odometer” derives from ancient Greek ὁδόμετρον, hodómetron, from ὁδός, hodós (“path” or “gateway”) and μέτρον, métron (“measure”) and identifies an instrument that has the purpose of measuring the distance travelled by a vehicle on land or at sea. The large majority of odometers are nowadays electronic or electromechanical but in ancient times they were purely mechanical. Designs have evolved over the years, but the basic function was always the same. They have always been used to measure distance in things like automobiles, see Figure 1, bicycles, and back before these were invented, horse drawn carts.  \nPossibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of the ancient Greek Strabo (64-63 BC-24 AD) and the ancient Roman  \nDOI: 10.4236/ahs.2020.95025 Dec. 8, 2020 330 Advances in Historical Studies  \nFigure 1. An odometer and a trip meter installed in a modern car.  \nPliny (23-79 AD) . Both authors list the distances of routes traveled by Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) as by his bematists Diognetus and Baeton: bematists were trained to measure distance while counting their steps but the high accuracy of the bematists’ measurements rather indicates the use of a mechanical device. In fact from the nine surviving bematists’ measurements in Pliny’s Naturalis Historia eight show a deviation of less than 5% from the actual distance, three of them being within 1%: the overall accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists already must have used a sophisticated device for measuring distances, although there is no direct mention of such a device.  \nThe first descriptions of this instrument have reached us through the manuscripts ofthe Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (80 -15 BC) . Around 30-15 BC he wrote the famous “De architectura” dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus (Vitruvius, 1990): it is a ten books treatise meant as a guide for realizing projects such as buildings, military camps, facilities, instruments and machines. The odometer described by Vitruvius will be deeply explained in the next section.  \nAs a matter of fact, the odometer has been studied by many scholars throughout history: Hero of Alexandria (10-70 BC)","cbCaijgpbLbT59HK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijgpbLbT59HK","pdf",1663556,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## 1.1. The Odometer\n## 1.2. The Odometer within the Evolution of Design Theory","[{\"question\":\"What is the odometer and how is its term explained in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper explains that “odometer” comes from ancient Greek words meaning “path” and “measure,” referring to an instrument used to measure travel distance on land or at sea.\"},{\"question\":\"What sources does the paper cite as early evidence for odometer use?\",\"answer\":\"It points to Strabo and Pliny, noting that Pliny’s recorded route distances by Alexander the Great and their high accuracy imply the use of a mechanical measuring device.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper connect Leonardo and Vitruvius to the odometer?\",\"answer\":\"It describes Leonardo’s interest in odometer design and frames the study as revisiting how Leonardo redesigned the concept of Vitruvius, while also relating the research to Archimedes when questions remain unanswered.\"}]","Archimedes, Vitruvius and Leonardo - The Odometer Connection | PDF",35]