[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208235-en":3,"doc-seo-208235-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208235,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",4,"Exam","AQA Geography GCSE - 3.1.1.4 - Climate Change - Detailed Notes","Detailed notes for AQA Geography GCSE on climate change, explaining major changes in Earth’s climate during the Quaternary period, including shifts between glacial and interglacial temperatures. Covers evidence based on instrumental temperature records, plus indirect methods such as marine sediment cores and Antarctic/Greenland ice cores to infer past temperatures and atmospheric gas levels. Summarizes current evidence including sea level rise, glacier and sea-ice loss, and changes to ecological seasonal patterns, then outlines natural drivers like orbital variations, volcanic eruptions, and solar output changes.","AQA Geography GCSE  \n# 3.1.1.4:Climate ChangeDetailed Notes\n\nClimate Change During Earth's History  \nWhen we hear the phrase 'climate change’,we might think about the changes in our climate overthe last few decades:rising temperatures in the air and the sea,more intense tropical storms,severe droughts etc.However,the climate of the Earth has gone through dramatic changesthroughout its history.Some major fluctuations in temperature have occurred in theQuaternary Period.  \nThe Quaternary Period is the geological time period that started 2.6 million years ago,andextends into the present.During the Quaternary period,there have been many fluctuationsbetween the colder glacial periods and warmer interglacial periods.We can see thesefluctuations on the graphs below,which show the temperature relative to our current averagetemperature (which is displayed as 0℃ on the graphs).  \nTemperature(°℃)  \nMillions of Years Ago400300Thousands of Years Ago  \nTemperature(°℃)  \nOver the last few hundred years,our climate has been warming rapidly.Average global airtemperatures have risen by 0.85℃ since 1880,and the majority of this warming has occurredsince the 1970s.This warming is projected to continue throughout the century.  \n(Source:https:/learthobservatory nasa gov)  \nwww.pmt.educationPMTEducation  \nEvidence for Climate Change  \nIn the present day,we measure air and sea temperatures using thermometers.Scientists startedtaking these measurements around 100 or so years ago,meaning we have a reliable record ofglobal temperatures starting around the late 1800s(which is known as the instrumentaltemperature record).The instrumental temperature record is shown by the blue line on thegraph above.  \nHowever,this means there is no instrumental data of global temperatures before people startedtaking these readings.Scientists have therefore had to discover other ways to indirectlycalculate global temperatures in the distant past.One way scientists have done this is by usingdeep marine sediment cores and ice cores.By studying air bubbles and the composition ofwater,these cores can indicate what the climate was like when the ice or sediment was formed.  \nThinking Further:Marine Sediment and Ice Cores  \nThe Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet are thelargest and the oldest ice sheets in the world.They contain icecrystals that were formed hundreds of thousands of yearsago.  \nWhen snow falls on top of these ice sheets,it buries and trapsolder snow below.Over thousands of years,this snow buildsup and compacts into thick ice.  \n(Source:icecores.org/about-ice-cores)  \nScientists have been able to drill down inside the ice sheets and extract large cylinders ofice called ice cores(see the image above).Scientists use these ice cores to calculategradual changes in temperature over thousands of years.Right at the top of the ice core isthe youngest ice,and as the scientists work down the ice gradually becomes older.  \nThe composition of water can be analysed to calculate(with extreme accuracy)what thetemperature of the atmosphere was when that water fell as snow.Air bubbles trapped inthe ice can also be analysed;levels of CO₂and other gases can tell us more informationabout the climate at that time.  \nIce cores provide evidence of the climate stretching back hundreds of thousands of years.The furthest back in time an ice core has been able to go was 400,000 years!  \nMarine sediment cores are used in a similar way(image on theright).Scientists extract cores from the deep ocean and analysecarbonates and the composition of water to calculate pasttemperatures.Marine cores usually show a greater length oftime,but are generally less accurate than ice cores.  \n(Source:By Hannes Grobe (talk)-Own work,CC BY 3.0,commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6829604)  \nPMTEducation  \nCurrent Evidence of Climate Change  \nWe know that our climate has been warming in recent years due to our temperature records,butwe can also see more evidence of our changing climate in differen","cbCaijMOXMnZH2Kp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijMOXMnZH2Kp","pdf",4929985,1,14,"English","en",105,"# Climate Change During Earth's History\n## Evidence for Climate Change\n### Marine Sediment and Ice Cores\n## Current Evidence of Climate Change\n## Natural Causes of Climate Change","[{\"question\":\"How has Earth’s climate changed over history according to these notes?\",\"answer\":\"The notes describe dramatic climate change across Earth’s history, with major temperature fluctuations during the Quaternary period between colder glacial and warmer interglacial periods.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the instrumental temperature record and why is it limited?\",\"answer\":\"It is based on thermometer measurements of air and sea temperatures starting around the late 1800s, so it provides reliable data only for the period after observations began.\"},{\"question\":\"How do ice cores and marine sediment cores provide evidence of past climate?\",\"answer\":\"Ice cores trap ancient air bubbles and water composition, allowing scientists to infer atmospheric temperature and greenhouse gas levels when snow formed. Marine sediment cores are extracted from deep oceans and analyzed for carbonates and water composition to estimate past temperatures, typically over longer timescales but with lower accuracy than ice cores.\"}]","AQA Geography GCSE - 3.1.1.4 - Climate Change - Detailed Notes | PDF",1788603087,35,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"aqa-geography-gcse-3114-climate-change-detailed-notes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aqa-geography-gcse-3114-climate-change-detailed-notes/208235/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"How has Earth’s climate changed over history according to these notes?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The notes describe dramatic climate change across Earth’s history, with major temperature fluctuations during the Quaternary period between colder glacial and warmer interglacial periods.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What is the instrumental temperature record and why is it limited?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It is based on thermometer measurements of air and sea temperatures starting around the late 1800s, so it provides reliable data only for the period after observations began.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How do ice cores and marine sediment cores provide evidence of past climate?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Ice cores trap ancient air bubbles and water composition, allowing scientists to infer atmospheric temperature and greenhouse gas levels when snow formed. Marine sediment cores are extracted from deep oceans and analyzed for carbonates and water composition to estimate past temperatures, typically over longer timescales but with lower accuracy than ice cores.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]