[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208250-en":3,"doc-seo-208250-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208250,4398048950312,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908",4,"Exam","AQA GCSE Geography - Urban Issues & Challenges - Your notes","AQA GCSE Geography urban change notes explain how urbanisation varies worldwide as more people move from rural areas into towns and cities. Key ideas cover global patterns, the role of migration using push–pull theory and natural increase, and how megacities emerge as city populations exceed 10 million. The material compares HICs, NEEs and LICs by urban growth rates, reasons behind industrial change, and current trends such as suburban commuting and rapid growth of key trade hubs.","AQA GCSE Geography  \nUrban Issues & Challenges  \nContents  \n Urban Change  \n Urban Growth in LICs & NEEs  \n Urban Change in HICs  \n Urban Sustainability  \nYour notes  \nUrban Change  \nSpecification links  \nThe notes on this page cover part of 3 .2.1: Urban Issues and Challenges in the AQA GCSE Specification.  \n3.2.1-Key idea: A growing percentage of the world 's population lives in urban areas.  \n The pattern of urban change is a global phenomenon.  \n Urban trends in different parts of the world, including HICs and LICs.  \n Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation – migration (push–pull theory) and natural increase.  \n The emergence of megacities.  \nPattern of urban change  \n Urbanisation is:  \nThe process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in  \ntowns and cities  \n Urbanisation varies across the globe  \n High-income countries (HICs) show the highest levels of urbanisation, with the lowest levels being in Africa and SE Asia  \n More people now live in towns and cities than in rural areas  \n The world population doubled between 1950 and 2015 , while the urban population more than tripled due to:  \n The decline of industry in developed countries, asthe industry moved overseas to newly emerging economies (NEEs) and low-income countries (LICs) to take advantage of a cheaper workforce, government incentives, tax breaks, etc.  \n Which led to industrial growth in NEEs and ' pulled ' people from rural regions to urban areas, with the hope of a better life and employment  \nUrbanisation pathway  \n Countries become more urban as they develop economically  \n Differences between LICs, NEEsand HICscan be shownasa pathway overtime  \n The pace through the stages slows and flattens or will decline as counter-urbanisation gains speed  \nYour notes  \nUrbanisation pathway  \nMegacities  \n HICs have lower rates of urbanisation, as towns and cities already exist  \n In 1900 there were just 2 'millionaire' cities (London and Paris); by 2018 this had grown to 512  \n Asthe growth of cities continues, the term 'megacity' is used to describe cities with more than 10 million people:  \n In 1970 there were only 4  \n By 2000there were 15  \n In 2018 that rose to 33 , with Tokyo having close to 37 .3 million people  \nYour notes  \nThe UN predicts that the number will have increased to 41  \n Due to modern transport and communication, urban areas are sprawling into rural regions to create conurbations, further addingto the growth of urban areas  \nUrban trends inHICs & LICs  \n Urbanisation growth rate differ not only between countries across the globe but also within countries  \nGlobal urban trends HICs  \n Rate of urban growth  \n Slow or declining  \n Trend  \n Because the industrial revolution ' pulled ' the population into developing urban areas at that time  \n Nowadays, many people in HICs are being ' pushed ' away from overcrowded cities to rural settlements  \n HICs tend to have good transport and communication networks; therefore, people can live in rural areas and commute to cities or work from home  \n Examples  \n UK, Germany, Japan, and America  \nNEEs  \n Rate of urban growth  \n Rapid  \n Trend  \n Key trade hub cities are seeing greater growth than others due to investment from the government and TNCs  \n Cities such as Lagos in Nigeria, Shanghai in China, Mumbai in India and Sao Paulo in Brazil—none of these are the country 's capital  \n Trade such as finance, electronics and manufactured goods  \n Examples  \n India, Brazil and China  \nLICs  \n Rate of urban growth  \n The fastest rates of urbanisation  \nYour notes  \nTrend  \n Asia is expected to contribute towards 60% of global growth by 2030  \n Most new economic development is concentrated in the big cities through  \ninvestment in low-cost manufacturing of textiles, garments and shoes  \n Push-pull factors lead to high rates of rural-to-urban migration  \n Cities are experiencing higher levels of natural increase in population  \n Examples  \n Sub-Saharan countries such as Rwanda a","cbCaivIKyc4eyXEA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivIKyc4eyXEA","pdf",2740892,1,33,"English","en",105,"# Urban Change\n## Urban Growth in LICs & NEEs\n## Urban Change in HICs\n## Urban Sustainability\n# Your notes\n## Urban Change\n## Urbanisation pathway\n## Megacities\n## Urban trends in HICs & LICs\n## Urbanisation\n## Natural increase\n## Push-pull factors","[{\"question\":\"What does urbanisation mean in this specification?\",\"answer\":\"Urbanisation is the process where a rising share of a country’s population lives in towns and cities. The level of urbanisation differs across the globe.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors affect the rate of urbanisation?\",\"answer\":\"The notes highlight migration using push–pull theory and natural increase. Economic development and employment growth also influence how fast urbanisation occurs.\"},{\"question\":\"How do urban trends differ between HICs, NEEs and LICs?\",\"answer\":\"HICs often show slow or declining growth, with people sometimes being pushed away from overcrowded cities. NEEs show rapid growth linked to government and TNC investment. LICs experience the fastest rates of urbanisation driven by rural-to-urban migration and high natural increase.\"}]","AQA GCSE Geography - Urban Issues & Challenges - Your notes | PDF",1788603134,83,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"aqa-gcse-geography-urban-issues-challenges-your-notes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aqa-gcse-geography-urban-issues-challenges-your-notes/208250/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What does urbanisation mean in this specification?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Urbanisation is the process where a rising share of a country’s population lives in towns and cities. The level of urbanisation differs across the globe.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Which factors affect the rate of urbanisation?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"The notes highlight migration using push–pull theory and natural increase. Economic development and employment growth also influence how fast urbanisation occurs.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How do urban trends differ between HICs, NEEs and LICs?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"HICs often show slow or declining growth, with people sometimes being pushed away from overcrowded cities. NEEs show rapid growth linked to government and TNC investment. 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