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The paper covers reflex actions, including identification of reflex examples, neural structures, and mechanisms controlling pupil size, and coordination of reflex responses. It also examines climate links between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global air temperature using provided figures, plus causes and effects on organisms and biological processes. Final sections address maintaining water balance in the body using comparative day data.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aqa-gcse-biology-higher-tier-paper-2h-june-2018-exam-paper/207418/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/aqa-gcse-biology-higher-tier-paper-2h-june-2018-exam-paper/207418.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodora","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which reflex actions are assessed in the paper, and how are they identified?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Students choose two examples of reflex actions from given options. They also identify a stimulus and relevant structure involved in pupil size changes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper use Figure 3 to test understanding of carbon dioxide and air temperature?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Learners complete a table of trends in carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature across time intervals, then explain how increased carbon dioxide could increase air temperature and evaluate evidence for and against the theory.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What topics related to water balance are covered?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Students use Figure 4 to interpret how much water a person gained and lost by different methods in one day, linking this to the importance of maintaining water balance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},207418,1788599520,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},687197207919,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552","| Please write clearly in block capitals. |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Centre number |  | Candidate number |  |\n| Surname  \u003Cbr>Forename(s)  \u003Cbr>Candidate signature   |  |  |  |\n\nGCSE  \nBIOLOGY  \nHigher Tier Paper 2H  \nH  \nMonday 11 June 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes  \nA  \nMaterials  \nFor this paper you must have:  \n• a ruler  \n• a scientific calculator.  \nInstructions  \n• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  \n• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.  \n• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.  \n• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want tobe marked.  \n• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.  \nInformation  \n• There are 100 marks available on this paper.  \n• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  \n• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.  \n• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.  \n\n| For Examiner’s Use |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Question | Mark |\n| 1 |  |\n| 2 |  |\n| 3 |  |\n| 4 |  |\n| 5 |  |\n| 6 |  |\n| 7 |  |\n| 8 |  |\n| 9 |  |\n| TOTAL |  |\n\n*JUN1884612h01* IB/G/Jun18/E7 8461/2H  \n2  \n0  1  Many human actions are reflexes.  \n0  1 . 1 Which two of the following are examples of reflex actions?  \n[2 marks]  \nTick two boxes.  \nJumping in the air to catch a ball   \nRaising a hand to protect the eyes in bright light  Releasing saliva when food enters the mouth  Running away from danger   \nWithdrawing the hand from a sharp object   \nFigure 1 shows how the size of the pupil of the human eye can change by  \nreflex action.  \nFigure 1  \n0  1  .  2  Name one stimulus that would cause the pupil to change in size from A to B, as shown in Figure 1.  \n[1 mark]  \nDo not write outside the box  \n*02*  \nIB/G/Jun18/8461/2H  \n3  \n0  1  .  3  Structure Q causes the change in size of the pupil.  \nName structure Q.  \n[1 mark]  \n0  1  .  4  Describe how structure Q causes the change in the size of the pupil from A to B.  \n[1 mark]  \nQuestion 1 continues on the next page  \n*03*  \nTurn over ►  \nIB/G/Jun18/8461/2H  \nDo not write outside the box  \n4  \n0  1  .  5  Figure 2 shows some structures involved in the coordination of a reflex action.  \nFigure 2  \nDescribe how the structures shown in Figure 2 help to coordinate a reflex action.  \n[6 marks]  \n\n|  |\n| --- |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n\n*04*  \nIB/G/Jun18/8461/2H  \nDo not write outside the box  \n\n|  |\n| --- |\n| 11 |\n\n5  \nTurn over for the next question  \nDO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED  \n*05*  \nTurn over ►  \nIB/G/Jun18/8461/2H  \nDo not write outside the box  \n6  \n0  2  Many scientists think that global air temperature is related to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.  \nFigure 3 shows changes in global air temperature and changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.  \nFigure 3  \n0  2 . 1 Complete Table 1.  \nUse information from Figure 3.  \n[2 marks]  \nChoose answers from the box.  \nYou may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.  \nconstant decreasing increasing  \nTable 1  \n\n|  | 1960 – 1977 | 1977 – 2003 | 2003 – 2015 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Trend in carbon dioxide concentration | Increasing |  |  |\n| Trend in air\u003Cbr>temperature |  |  |  |\n\n*06*  \nIB/G/Jun18/8461/2H  \nDo not write outside the box  \n7  \nMany scientists think that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the  \natmosphere causes an increase in air temperature.  \n0  2  .  2  How would an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cause an increase in air temperature?  \n[1 mark]  \n0  2  .  3  Evaluate evidence for and against the theory that an increase in the concentration of  \ncarbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes an increase in air temperature.  \nUse data from Figure 3 and your own knowledge.  \n[4 marks]  \n\n|  |\n| --- |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n|  |\n\nDo not write outside the box  \n*07*  \nTurn o","cbCaijkyZ1RynFWT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijkyZ1RynFWT","pdf",996829,36,"English","# Reflex actions\n## Identifying reflex actions and stimuli\n## Structure and mechanism controlling pupil size\n## Coordination of reflex action\n# Climate and carbon dioxide\n## Interpreting trends from provided data\n## Explaining causation and evaluating evidence\n## Seasonal variation and human/biological processes\n# Water balance\n## Interpreting gains and losses by different methods","[{\"question\":\"Which reflex actions are assessed in the paper, and how are they identified?\",\"answer\":\"Students choose two examples of reflex actions from given options. They also identify a stimulus and relevant structure involved in pupil size changes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper use Figure 3 to test understanding of carbon dioxide and air temperature?\",\"answer\":\"Learners complete a table of trends in carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature across time intervals, then explain how increased carbon dioxide could increase air temperature and evaluate evidence for and against the theory.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics related to water balance are covered?\",\"answer\":\"Students use Figure 4 to interpret how much water a person gained and lost by different methods in one day, linking this to the importance of maintaining water balance.\"}]","AQA GCSE Biology Higher Tier Paper 2H - June 2018 Exam Paper | PDF",91]