[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208069-en":3,"doc-seo-208069-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208069,962084925290,"Caleb Sterling","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",4,"Exam","AQA GCSE Biology - Cell Division","Study notes for AQA GCSE Biology focused on cell division, explaining how chromosomes are structured and organised in eukaryotic cells. Covers chromosome pairing in diploid organisms, characteristic X-shaped chromosomes during preparation to divide, and the role of the cell cycle stages. Describes mitosis from chromosome replication and alignment through separation, nucleus reformation and cytokinesis. Includes examiner guidance on what to prioritise in exams, micrograph interpretation, and links to growth, reproduction and development, plus an introduction to specialised cells and stem cells.","AQA GCSE Biology  \nCell Division  \nContents  \n Chromosomes  \n Mitosis & the Cell Cycle  Stem Cells  \nYour notes  \nChromosomes  \nChromosomes: Basics  \n In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes  \n Chromosomes are made from highly coiled strands of relatively long DNA. Each chromosome is made from one DNA molecule  \n In the body cells of diploid organisms, chromosomes are normally found in pairs One chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father  \n Different species of organisms have different numbers of chromosomes in their nuclei  \n Humans have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of all their body cells, found in 23 pairs  \n Horses have 64 chromosomes in 32 pairs  \n Red blood cells are an exception – they lose their nuclei and therefore have no chromosomes  \n Before a cell can divide, its genetic material needs to be doubled. This results in the characteristic ‘X’ shaped chromosomes we see in micrographs of cells preparing to divide  \nChromosomes are usually uncoiled, when a cell prepares to divide they fold up into‘worm-like’ structures that we recognise  \nYour notes  \nMitosis & the Cell Cycle  \nThe Cell Cycle  \n Mitosis is astage in the cell cycle when the nucleus divides  \n The cell cycle is a series of stages in the life cycle of a cell  \n During the growth phase of the cell cycle, the genetic material of the cell (chromosomes) is doubled  \n Two copies of each chromosome are produced; these initially remain attached to eachother with each strand called a chromatid  \n The chromatids will eventually be divided between the two genetically identical daughter cells that form from the dividing cell  \n During the growth phase, the number of subcellular structures (such as ribosomes and mitochondria) also increases  \nThe Process of Mitosis  \n For a multicellular organism to grow, cells must divide by mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells  \n During mitosis the following events occur:  \n Chromosomes replicate, resulting in X-shaped chromosomes with two 'arms 'known as chromatids  \n The chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell  \n The chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell  \n A new nucleus forms around each new group of chromosomes  \n After this, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides in a process known as cytokinesis; this results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells  \nYour notes  \nDiagram showing the process of cell division by mitosis  \n So, if a human cell with 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs needs to divide by mitosis:  \n Its 46 chromosomes are doubled, so that there are two copies of each of the 46 chromosomes (or 92 chromatids) in total in the cell  \n The number of ribosomes and mitochondria subcellular structures also increases  \n During mitosis, the chromatids are pulled apart, with a complete set of 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs moving to each end of the cell  \nYour notes  \nThe cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, forming two new daughter cells  \nExaminer Tipsand Tricks  \nYou do not need to know the names or phases of mitosis (such as prophase)–so don’t write about them in your AQA GCSE exam. Doing so will not earn you credit andwill only waste valuable time. But you do need to appreciate the three overall stages of the cell cycle:  \n Growth phase (chromosome doubling and subcellular structures increase)  \n Mitosis  \n Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm and the cell membrane)  \nThe Role of Mitosis  \nCell division by mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms  \nWhen a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell in human reproduction, the resulting zygote cell that forms divides by mitosis, with each subsequent cell produced dividing in the same way to forman embryo  \nAsthe embryo continues to grow in size, with the cells dividing by mitosis (and differentiating) , a fetus forms  \nTherefore, for a multicellular organism to grow, cells have to divide by mitosis to produce an","cbCaiezwXZfQtrpT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiezwXZfQtrpT","pdf",1659841,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Chromosomes\n## Chromosomes: Basics\n# Mitosis & the Cell Cycle\n## The Cell Cycle\n## The Process of Mitosis\n## The Role of Mitosis\n## Calculating Cell Cycle\n# Stem Cells\n## Specialised Cells: Review\n## Stem Cells\n## Stem Cells: Animals v Plants","[{\"question\":\"What are chromosomes and how are they organised in eukaryotic cells?\",\"answer\":\"In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes. They are made from highly coiled strands of relatively long DNA, and in diploid organisms chromosomes are normally found in pairs.\"},{\"question\":\"What happens during the growth phase of the cell cycle?\",\"answer\":\"During the growth phase, the genetic material (chromosomes) is doubled and subcellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria increase. Two copies of each chromosome form and initially remain attached as chromatids.\"},{\"question\":\"How does mitosis produce two genetically identical daughter cells?\",\"answer\":\"Chromosomes replicate into X-shaped chromosomes, line up along the equator, and chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite ends. New nuclei form around each chromosome group, then cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane to form two identical daughter cells.\"}]","AQA GCSE Biology - Cell Division | PDF",1788602333,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"aqa-gcse-biology-cell-division","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aqa-gcse-biology-cell-division/208069/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What are chromosomes and how are they organised in eukaryotic cells?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes. They are made from highly coiled strands of relatively long DNA, and in diploid organisms chromosomes are normally found in pairs.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What happens during the growth phase of the cell cycle?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"During the growth phase, the genetic material (chromosomes) is doubled and subcellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria increase. Two copies of each chromosome form and initially remain attached as chromatids.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How does mitosis produce two genetically identical daughter cells?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Chromosomes replicate into X-shaped chromosomes, line up along the equator, and chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite ends. New nuclei form around each chromosome group, then cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane to form two identical daughter cells.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]