[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208039-en":3,"doc-seo-208039-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208039,4398048950312,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908",4,"Exam","AQA Biology GCSE - Topic 2: Organisation - Notes","Organisation in living organisms focuses on how cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems that work together to produce specific functions. Detailed coverage explains the human digestive system as an organ system and the roles of the stomach, small intestine, liver, glands, and bile. Enzyme biology is covered through biological catalysts, lock-and-key active sites, optimum pH and temperature, and denaturation. It also links specific enzymes to carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion and describes common biochemical tests and the practical approach for investigating pH effects.","# AQA Biology GCSE\n\nTopic 2:Organisation  \nNotes  \nContent in bold is for higher tier only.  \nContent is for both separate science and double award students unlessindicated in heading.  \n## Principles of Organisation(2.1)\n\n● Cells make up all living things.  \n● A tissue is a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function.Theycan be made of more than one type of cell.Examples include muscular tissue orepithelial tissue.  \n● Organs are formed from a number of different tissues,working together to producea specific function.An examples is the stomach,which has muscular tissue andepithelial tissue.  \n·Organs are organised into organ systems,which work together to perform acertain function.The stomach is part of the digestive system,along with organssuch as the liver and small intestine.  \n## Animal Tissues,Organs and Organ Systems(2.2)\n\nThe Human Digestive System (2.2.1)  \nThe digestive system is an organ system,as it is made up of organs working together toperform a certain function.The food you eat is large and insoluble and needs to be brokendown in order for it to be in a form that can be absorbed by cells.  \nIt is made up of the following organs:  \n1.Glands (salivary glands and the pancreas)which produce digestive juicescontaining enzymes which break down food.  \n2.The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and to provide the optimumpH for the protease enzyme to work.  \n3.The small intestine is where soluble molecules are absorbed into the blood.  \n4.The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder,which helps with thedigestion of lipids.  \n5.The large intestine absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces.Thispasses out of your body through the rectum and anus.  \nEnzymes:biological catalysts(a substance that increases the rate of reaction withoutbeing used up)  \n● Enzymes are present in many reactions so that they can be controlled.  \n● They can both break up large molecules and join small ones  \n·They are protein molecules and the shape of the enzyme is vital to its function.  \n● This is because each enzyme has its own uniquely shaped active site where thesubstrate binds.  \nThe Lock and Key Hypothesis(a simplified explanation of how enzymes work):  \n1.The shape of the substrate is complementary to the shape of the active site,sowhen they bond it forms an enzyme-substrate complex.  \n2.Once bound,the reaction takes place and the products are releasedfrom the surface of the enzyme  \nEnzymes require an optimum pH and temperature,because they are proteins.  \n● The optimum temperature is a range around 37 degrees celsius (bodytemperature)  \no The rate of reaction increases with an increase in temperature up to thisoptimum,but above this temperature it rapidly decreases and eventually thereaction stops.  \no When the temperature becomes too hot,the bonds in the structure willbreak  \no This changes the shape of the active site,so the substrate can no longer fitin  \no The enzyme is said to be denatured and can no longer work  \n● The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7,but some that are produced in acidicconditions,such as the stomach,have a low optimum pH  \no If the pH is too high or too low,the forces that hold the amino acid chainsthat make up the protein will be affected  \no This will change the shape of the active site,so the substrate can no longerfit ino The enzyme is said to be denatured and can no longer work  \nAs molecules need to be broken down in the digestive system in order to be absorbed intothe bloodstream,enzymes are vital.They are released by cells in many different placesand they are specific to a certain type of molecule.  \n### 1.Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into simple sugars\n\n● Example:amylase breaks down starch into maltose  \no It is produced in your salivary glands,pancreas and small intestine(most of the starch you eat is digested here)  \n### 2.Proteases convert proteins into amino acids\n\n·Example:pepsin which is produced in the stomach,other forms can befo","cbCaipkKCSnfHe6s","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipkKCSnfHe6s","pdf",341558,1,14,"English","en",105,"# Principles of Organisation (2.1)\n## Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems\n# Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems (2.2)\n## The Human Digestive System (2.2.1)\n## Enzymes and the lock-and-key hypothesis\n## Optimum pH and temperature\n## Carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases\n## Tests for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids\n## Bile and its roles\n## Rate of enzymatic reactions","[{\"question\":\"How do cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems relate to each other in organisation?\",\"answer\":\"Cells make up all living things. Tissues are groups of specialised cells with similar structure and function, organs are formed from different tissues working together, and organs are organised into organ systems that carry out specific functions.\"},{\"question\":\"What do enzymes do in digestion and how does the lock-and-key model explain it?\",\"answer\":\"Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase reaction rate without being used up. Each enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site where the substrate binds to form an enzyme-substrate complex, enabling products to be released.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do enzymes become denatured when pH or temperature is not optimum?\",\"answer\":\"Enzymes require optimum pH and temperature because they are proteins. If temperature is too high or pH is too high or too low, bonds holding the protein structure are affected, changing the active site shape so the substrate can no longer fit.\"}]","AQA Biology GCSE - Topic 2: Organisation - Notes | PDF",1788602247,35,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"aqa-biology-gcse-topic-2-organisation-notes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aqa-biology-gcse-topic-2-organisation-notes/208039/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-06","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How do cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems relate to each other in organisation?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Cells make up all living things. Tissues are groups of specialised cells with similar structure and function, organs are formed from different tissues working together, and organs are organised into organ systems that carry out specific functions.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What do enzymes do in digestion and how does the lock-and-key model explain it?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase reaction rate without being used up. Each enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site where the substrate binds to form an enzyme-substrate complex, enabling products to be released.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why do enzymes become denatured when pH or temperature is not optimum?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Enzymes require optimum pH and temperature because they are proteins. If temperature is too high or pH is too high or too low, bonds holding the protein structure are affected, changing the active site shape so the substrate can no longer fit.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,104,109,114,119,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]