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Aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials (AFNs) offer targeted strategies that improve diagnostic and treatment efficiency while reducing adverse effects. The review summarizes HCC epidemiology and current treatment challenges, then explains how AFNs enhance cell-specific targeting and optimize drug delivery. 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Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2024) 22:243  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02486-5](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02486-5)  \nJournal of Nanobiotechnology  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nAptamer-functionalized nanomaterials (AFNs) for therapeutic management of hepatocellular carcinoma  \nXiujuan Yin1†, Jing Rong1†, Min Shao1, Saisai Zhang1, Likang Yin1, Zhenqiang He2 and Xiao Wang1*  \nAbstract  \nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the deadliest cancers globally, making the search for more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches particularly crucial. Aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials (AFNs), an innovative nanotechnology, have paved new pathways for the targeted diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Initially, we outline the epidemiological background of HCC and the current therapeutic challenges. Subsequently, we explore in detail how AFNs enhance diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency and reduce side effects through the specific targeting of HCC cells and the optimization of drug delivery. Furthermore, we address the challenges faced by AFNsin clinical applications and future research directions, with a particular focus on enhancing their biocompatibility and assessing long-term effects. In summary, AFNs represent an avant-garde therapeutic approach, opening new avenues and possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.  \nKeywords Hepatocellular carcinoma, Aptamer, Aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials, Molecular imaging, Targeted therapy  \n†Xiujuan Yin and Jing Rong have contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence:  \nXiao Wang  \n[wangxiao@ahmu.edu.cn](wangxiao@ahmu.edu.cn)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ()[. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ()[http://creativeco](http://creativeco)[mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.  \nYin et al. Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2024) 22:243 Page 2 of 25  \nGraphical Abstract  \nIntroduction  \nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most prevalent malignant liver tumors worldwide [1], has seen significant advancements in recent years [2]. Although surgical resection and local ablation remain the primary treatment strategies for early-stage HCC patients, for those with intermediate to advanced stages, various systemic treatments have become crucial in improving prognosis. In recent years, targeted and immunotherapy have emerged as significant breakthroughs in the treatment of HCC, with Sorafenib (SRF) being the first approved targeted drug for advanced HCC, marking the inception of a new era in systemic therapy [3]. The introduction of new targeted drugs such as Lenvatinib [4], Ramucirumab [5], Cabozantinib [6], and immunotherapy  \nagents like Pembrolizumab [7] and Atezolizumab [8] has further expanded ","cbCaigN41XeY1mzH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigN41XeY1mzH","pdf",2546940,25,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Current treatment landscape for HCC\n## Limitations of existing diagnostics","[{\"question\":\"What problem does this review address for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on the urgent need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches because HCC is highly deadly and current options face major limitations and resistance issues.\"},{\"question\":\"How do aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials (AFNs) aim to improve HCC management?\",\"answer\":\"AFNs enhance targeted diagnosis and therapy by specifically binding HCC cells and optimizing drug delivery, which can also reduce side effects.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges remain for AFNs before broader clinical use?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights obstacles in clinical applications and the need for future research, particularly to improve biocompatibility and evaluate long-term effects.\"}]","Aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials (AFNs) for therapeutic management of hepatocellular carcinoma - Review | PDF",1789989541,63]