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Where possible, trunks and first-order branches extracted from the photographs guide simulation via attractors, botanical rules generate skeleton geometry, and leaves are added for final models.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/approximate-image-based-tree-modeling-using-particle-flows-abstract/664716/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/approximate-image-based-tree-modeling-using-particle-flows-abstract/664716.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"QWQ","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How does the method estimate the 3D tree volume from photographs?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It computes an approximate voxel-based tree volume using image information, assigning each voxel a density estimate related to the tree’s biomass.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What role do particles and the 3D flow simulation play?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Particles are initialized from voxel density values and traced downward via a 3D flow simulation to form twigs and branches when combined at the tree basis.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How are trunk and main branches from the input images used?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"When possible, they are extracted from the photographs and used as attractors, guiding particle simulation through constructed 2D attractor graphs that influence 3D particle directions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},664716,1793268691,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":111,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":117},962094510011,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Erschienen in: ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) ; 26 (2007), 3. -88 [https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276487](https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276487)  \nApproximate Image-Based Tree-Modeling using Particle Flows  \nBoris Neubert Thomas Franken Oliver Deussen  \nUniversity of Konstanz  \nFigure 1: A tree is modeled using a set of input photographs. We show some examples of input and resulting 3D tree models. If image information is not available, e.g. the foliage is missing, the user is able to sketch it (right) . The models approximate the input images while forming botanically plausible branching structures.  \nAbstract  \nWe present a method for producing 3D tree models from input photographs with only limited user intervention. An approximate voxel-based tree volume is estimated using image information. The density values of the voxels are used to produce initial positions fora set of particles. Performing a 3D flow simulation, the particles are traced downwards to the tree basis and are combined to form twigs and branches. If possible, the trunk and the first-order branches are determined in the input photographs and are used as attractors for particle simulation. The geometry of the tree skeleton is produced using botanical rules for branch thicknesses and branching angles. Finally, leaves are added. Different initial seeds for particle simulation lead to a variety, yet similar-looking branching structures fora single set of photographs.  \nKeywords: Image-Based Modeling, Plant models, Botanics  \n1 Introduction  \nModeling complex botanical tree geometry has posed a challenge for computer graphics for decades. Beginning with abstract branching structures, the complexity and visual appearance has been enhanced over the years in such a way that today many tree models appear photo-realistic to us. However, creating this type of models  \nis still cumbersome. To mimic a specific tree or a given tree shape, usually many parameters must be manually adjusted. Image-based modeling methods try to overcome this problem by using a set of photographs to create the geometry directly.  \nIn recent years some techniques have been published that try to create exact 3D representations for given trees. In contrast to these methods our approach produces qualified approximations. Thus, we avoid registration and many numerical problems while still achieving plausible branching structures. The models still show differences to the input; however, we are able to create a variety of similar models easily by changing parameters in our system.  \nThe input is a small set of photographs of a tree taken from different views. Usually two images are sufficient for a good approximation. In contrast to other approaches, we do not need an exact registration of these images and interactively arrange them in our system. Since the images typically contain unwanted background we separate the trees using common algorithms for alpha matting.  \nThe general idea of our approach is to combine a bottom-up construction with internal and external constraints. We compute avoxel-model of the tree volume with each voxel containing a density estimate of the trees biomass. Proportional to this density particles are produced and traced downwards to the tree basis using a 3D flow simulation. Simple rules direct and force them to form twigs and subsequent branches. This already creates nice-looking tree skeletons and, by later adding leaves, complete trees.  \nTo achieve models that are similar to the given input photographs, particle simulation is directed by the main branching structures in the input images. Therefore, if possible, we extract the trunk and the main branches from the photographs and construct twodimensional attractor graphs for each input image. These attractor graphs are combined to influence the 3D particle simulation by modifying their directions. Subsequently, a triangular mesh is built around the resulting 3D graph using allometric rules. While we primarily conc","cbCaifsOZZgx3J5v","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifsOZZgx3J5v","pdf",689269,"English","# Introduction\n## Previous Work","[{\"question\":\"How does the method estimate the 3D tree volume from photographs?\",\"answer\":\"It computes an approximate voxel-based tree volume using image information, assigning each voxel a density estimate related to the tree’s biomass.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do particles and the 3D flow simulation play?\",\"answer\":\"Particles are initialized from voxel density values and traced downward via a 3D flow simulation to form twigs and branches when combined at the tree basis.\"},{\"question\":\"How are trunk and main branches from the input images used?\",\"answer\":\"When possible, they are extracted from the photographs and used as attractors, guiding particle simulation through constructed 2D attractor graphs that influence 3D particle directions.\"}]","Approximate Image-Based Tree-Modeling using Particle Flows - Abstract | PDF"]