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It presents two complementary methods: causal loop diagrams to identify peace factors and their interconnections, and mathematical models to compute quantitative interaction outcomes. 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Models  \nAmerican Behavioral Scientist 1–22  \n© 2019 SAGE Publications Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/0002764219859618](DOI: 10.1177/0002764219859618)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/0002764219859618)[journals.sagepub.com/home/abs](journals.sagepub.com/home/abs)  \nLarry S. Liebovitch 1,2, Peter T. Coleman2,  \nand Joshua Fisher2  \nAbstract  \nScholarly research on peace has overwhelmingly focused on negative peace, or the absence of conflict, aggression, violence, and war. We seek to understand holistic peace systems, the political, economic, and social systems that sustain peaceful societies. We show how two methods can help us understand the properties and dynamics of such complex peace systems. Each method provides insights from different perspectives to help understand sustaining peace. The causal loop diagram helps us to identify the peace factors and the connections between them. The mathematical model helps us determine the quantitative results of the interactions between all the peace factors. Using these methods, we found that there is no single “leverage” factor that is the lynchpin in creating sustainable peace. Rather, the small effects of a large number of positive peace factors that support peace can collectively overcome the stronger emotional response to the negative conflict factors that jeopardize peace.  \nKeywords  \npeace studies, positive peace, sustaining peace, causal loop diagrams, mathematical modeling, social psychology, methodology  \n1 Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA  \n2Columbia University, New York, NY USA  \nCorresponding Author:  \nLarry S. Liebovitch, Physics Department, Queens College, City University of New York, 6530 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.  \nEmail: [larry.liebovitch@qc.cuny.edu](larry.liebovitch@qc.cuny.edu)  \nGenerating and maintaining peace, within communities, nations, and the world is a vital component for achieving human fulfillment and happiness. Previous research studies on peace have focused primarily on negative peace, or the absence of conflict, aggression, violence, and war (Goertz, Diehl, & Balas, 2016) . Recently, there has been a growing movement on studying peace holistically by determining the conditions necessary to generate and sustain peace in the world. This new approach to sustainable peace examines the political, economic, and social systems that sustain peaceful societies and how they are supported by local, national, regional, and international actors.  \nThese previous approaches have used primary anthropological assessments, social psychological studies, numerical data from databases, surveys, and expert opinions to identify the elements that characterize peaceful societies. For example, the anthropological and social psychological studies have identified the importance of an overarching social identity, interconnections among subgroups, interdependence, socialization of peaceful values, conflict management mechanisms, and visionary leadership for achieving peace (Coleman & Deutsch, 2012; Diehl, 2016; Fry, 2005; Goertz et al. , 2016; Mahmoud & Makoond, 2017) . Data from international organizations, nation states, foundations, and other sources have been used to quantify indicators of peace from measures of well-functioning government, equitable distribution of resources, free flow of information, good relations with neighbors, high levels of human capital, acceptance of the rights of others, low levels of corruption, and sound business environment (Institute for Economics & Peace, 2018) . Although these approaches identify the elements of a positive peace system, they do not clarify how a peace system arises as the emergent property of the interactions between those separate elements","cbCaim4dH3aoJRe8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim4dH3aoJRe8","pdf",585637,22,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Peace as a System: Negative vs. Positive Peace\n# Sustainable Peace Systems Mapping Initiative\n## Causal Loop Diagrams (Qualitative)\n## Mathematical Modeling and Simulations (Quantitative)\n# Why There Is No Single Leverage Factor","[{\"question\":\"What does the article aim to understand about peace?\",\"answer\":\"It seeks to understand holistic peace systems and the political, economic, and social systems that sustain peaceful societies.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the two proposed methods contribute to sustainable peace research?\",\"answer\":\"Causal loop diagrams help identify peace factors and connections, while mathematical models determine quantitative results of interactions among those factors.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article argue there is no single leverage factor for sustainable peace?\",\"answer\":\"It finds that many small effects from a large number of positive peace factors can collectively overcome stronger emotional responses triggered by negative conflict factors.\"}]","Approaches to Understanding Sustainable Peace - Qualitative Causal Loop Diagrams and Quantitative Mathematical Models | PDF",1792991873,55]