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This study applied the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change to determine intentions toward breast self-awareness among female health workers in western Kabul. Using a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling, 130 participants completed a 37-item MTM-based questionnaire. Multiple linear regression showed significant associations between physical environment and initiation, and between behavioral confidence and initiation, while maintenance intentions related to change practice and social environment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/applying-multi-theory-model-to-determine-intentions-to-breast-self-awareness-among-female-health-workers-in-kabul-afghanistan/354162/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/applying-multi-theory-model-to-determine-intentions-to-breast-self-awareness-among-female-health-workers-in-kabul-afghanistan/354162.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To apply the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) to determine intentions to breast self-awareness among female health workers in western Kabul.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants selected and what tool was used?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Female health workers from Western Kabul were recruited using convenience sampling. A 37-item researcher-developed questionnaire based on MTM with established validity and reliability was used.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which MTM constructs were associated with initiation and maintenance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Initiation was significantly associated with changes in the physical environment and behavioral confidence. Maintenance intentions were significantly associated with practice for change and changes in the social environment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},354162,1790534360,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 22 April 2026  \nDOI 10. 3389/fpubh.2026.1784908  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nFeleke Doyore Agide,  \nWachemo University, Ethiopia  \nREVIEWED BY  \nTrideep Jyoti Deori, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India  \nMelyana Nurul Widyawati, Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang, Indonesia  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nMasouma Mohammadi  \n [masouma.mohammadi@gmail.com](masouma.mohammadi@gmail.com);  \n [masouma.mohammadi@modares.ac.ir](masouma.mohammadi@modares.ac.ir)[ ](masouma.mohammadi@modares.ac.ir)Farkhondeh Amin Shokravi  \n [Aminsh_f@modares.ac.ir](Aminsh_f@modares.ac.ir)  \nRECEIVED 10 January 2026  \nREVISED 19 March 2026  \nACCEPTED 25 March 2026  \nPUBLISHED 22 April 2026  \nCORRECTED 29 April 2026  \nCITATION  \nMohammadi M, Shokravi FA and Shahbazi H (2026) Applying multi-theory model to determine intentions to breast self-awareness among female health workers in Kabul, Afghanistan.  \nFront. Public Health 14:1784908 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1784908  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Mohammadi, Shokravi and Shahbazi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nApplying multi-theory model to determine intentions to breast self-awareness among female health workers in Kabul, Afghanistan  \nMasouma Mohammadi*, Farkhondeh Amin Shokravi* and Hasan Shahbazi  \nDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran  \nBackground: In women, breast cancer has the highest incidence compared to other cancers. Breast self-awareness may facilitate early detection of cancer through self-examination. This study aimed to apply the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change to determine breast self-awareness intentions among female health workers in the western region of Kabul.  \nMethod: Female health workers from Western Kabul city were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study by visiting different health centers using a convenience sampling method. A 37-item researcher-developed questionnaire with established validity and reliability based on MTM was used. In this study, 130 eligible participants completed the questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to explain breast self-awareness behavior.  \nResults: The mean age of the participants was 26 .46 years (SD = 5. 2) . The study found that changes in the physical environment (β = 0.095, p = 0.012) and behavioral confidence (β = 0.053, p = 0.010) were significantly associated with initiation of breast self-awareness. In addition, intention to maintain breast self-awareness behavior was significantly associated with practice for change (beta = 0. 161, p \u003C 0.001) and changes in the social environment (beta = 0.077, p = 0.008) .  \nConclusion: The findings suggest that constructs of the Multi-Theory Model are associated with initiation and maintenance of breast self-awareness behavior. These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the relevance of the MTM framework in this population. Future interventions may benefit from incorporating these constructs to promote breast self-awareness for breast cancer prevention.  \nKEYWORDS  \nbreast self-awareness, health workers, initiation, multi-theory model, sustenance  \nIntroduction  \nCancer is the second leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases ( 1) . In women, breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor arising from breast cells (2) . Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in both developed and developing countries. Globally, More than 60% of cancer cases occur in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and approximately 70% of c","cbCaihpiCnJkhN3z","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihpiCnJkhN3z","pdf",443717,"English","# Introduction\n## Background on breast cancer and breast self-awareness\n## Need for context-specific prevention and screening\n# Method\n## Cross-sectional design and sampling\n## MTM-based questionnaire\n## Statistical analysis\n# Results\n## Participant characteristics\n## Associations with initiation\n## Associations with maintenance","[{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To apply the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) to determine intentions to breast self-awareness among female health workers in western Kabul.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants selected and what tool was used?\",\"answer\":\"Female health workers from Western Kabul were recruited using convenience sampling. A 37-item researcher-developed questionnaire based on MTM with established validity and reliability was used.\"},{\"question\":\"Which MTM constructs were associated with initiation and maintenance?\",\"answer\":\"Initiation was significantly associated with changes in the physical environment and behavioral confidence. Maintenance intentions were significantly associated with practice for change and changes in the social environment.\"}]","Applying multi-theory model to determine intentions to breast self-awareness among female health workers in Kabul, Afghanistan | PDF",1790109303,25]