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Using the World Health Organization’s definition of violence, the review synthesizes findings across psychology, medicine, and social and developmental work to show that everyday anti-immigrant climate conditions can function as psychological violence. Emphasis is placed on how uncertainty and threatened familial safety in immigrant households harms children’s well-being, with implications for researchers, educators, and practitioners.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/applying-a-community-violence-framework-to-understand-the-impact-of-immigration-enforcement-threat-on-latino-children/586497/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/applying-a-community-violence-framework-to-understand-the-impact-of-immigration-enforcement-threat-on-latino-children/586497.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn Holloway","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What framework does the report use to understand immigration enforcement threat on Latino children?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It uses an ecological–transactional model as a conceptual framework to integrate existing literature and guide future research.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the report define violence in relation to children’s experiences?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Drawing on the World Health Organization’s definition of violence, it outlines how the anti-immigrant climate and enforcement threats in everyday spaces can be experienced by some Latino children as psychological violence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What long-term impacts does the report connect to the enforcement climate and family separation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It links these conditions to enduring effects on health and development, including cognitive and social-emotional trauma, increased risks related to depression, anxiety, and fear, and behavioral responses such as skipping school and acting out.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586497,1792073277,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466712,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","| \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>| | Volume 31, Number 3 | 2018\u003Cbr>Social Policy Report |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n\nApplying a Community Violence Framework to Understand the Impact of Immigration Enforcement Threat on Latino Children  \nR. Gabriela Barajas-Gonzalez, NYU Langone Health  \nCecilia Ayón, University of California, Riverside  \nFranco Torres, Catholic Charities Community Services  \nABSTRACT  \nHeeding the call put out by the New England Journal of Medicine (2017), we utilize an ecological–transactional model as a conceptual framework for understanding existing literature and for guiding future research on immigration enforcement threat and Latino child development. Using the World Health Organization’s definition of violence, we draw on literature from psychology, medicine, social work, and developmental psychology to outline how the anti-immigrant climate in the United States and the threat of immigration enforcement practices in everyday spaces are experienced by some Latino children as psychological violence. Researchers, teachers, and practitioners are encouraged to be aware of how uncertainty and threat regarding familial safety adversely impacts the lives of Latino children in immigrant households, especially in charged, anti-immigrant climates.  \nCorresponding author:  \nR. Gabriela Barajas-Gonzalez ( [ritagabriela.barajas-gonzalez@nyumc.org](ritagabriela.barajas-gonzalez@nyumc.org) )  \nAuthor note:  \nWe thank the many colleagues and reviewers who provided thoughtful insights and editing to this manuscript. We also thank the hundreds of children, families, health care and education providers who participated in the studies cited in this review.  \nSocial Policy Report | 1  \nSocial Policy Report  \nVolume 31, Number 3 | 2018 ISSN 1075-7031  \nSocial Policy Report is published four times a year by the Society for Research in Child Development.  \nEDITORIAL TEAM  \nLead Editor  \nEllen Wartella, PhD  \n[ellen-wartella@northwestern.edu](ellen-wartella@northwestern.edu)  \nAssistant Editor  \nFashina Aladé  \n[alade@u.northwestern.edu](alade@u.northwestern.edu)  \nEditorial Board  \nP. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, PhD Sandra Waxman, PhD David Figlio, PhD Craig Garfield, MD Neil Jordan, PhD Terri Sabol, PhD David Uttal, PhD Diane Schanzenbach, PhD Dedre Gentner, PhD Matthew M. Davis, MD Amelie Petitclerc, PhD Rachel Flynn, PhD  \nSRCD Policy Staff  \nMartha Zaslow, PhD Patricia Barton, MPP Anna Kimura  \nScience Writer  \nAnne Bridgman  \nManager of Publications  \nChris Asher  \nFROM THE EDITOR  \nThis is an especially timely Social Policy Report. Since the Trump administration’s introduction of a Zero Tolerance Policy regarding illegal immigration across our southern border with Mexico this past April, we have witnessed a remarkable series of events in which parents and children have been forcibly separated when arriving in the United States. Public outcry about these actions led the president to limit this separation policy, but the fate of over 2,000 children who have already been separated from parents and sent around the country to more than a dozen places has not yet been resolved.  \nSRCD’s central office issued an advisory about the likely impact of such separation for children’s welfare on June 20th:  \nThe recent U. S. Immigration practice of separating children from their families at the border will be halted, and we at SRCD are relieved at this overdue change in policy. Yet, clear evidence indicates that trauma of separation during the highly stressful circumstances the affected children have experienced can have lasting effects. SRCD stands on the science and urges the immediate reunification of these children and their families, as well as dedicated attention to their ongoing well-being.  \nThis Social Policy Report provides a strong review of the social science literature around this critical policy issue and demonstrates several important points. First, it reiterates the concern of the negative impact on children’s health and","cbCaibVW5wBQVTkN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibVW5wBQVTkN","pdf",380324,24,"English","# Abstract\n# Background and Editorial Context\n## Zero Tolerance Policy and Family Separation\n## Expected Impacts on Children’s Health and Development\n## Latino Children’s Fear and Responses\n## Perception of Political Rhetoric as Psychological Violence\n# Summary and Broader Context","[{\"question\":\"What framework does the report use to understand immigration enforcement threat on Latino children?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an ecological–transactional model as a conceptual framework to integrate existing literature and guide future research.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report define violence in relation to children’s experiences?\",\"answer\":\"Drawing on the World Health Organization’s definition of violence, it outlines how the anti-immigrant climate and enforcement threats in everyday spaces can be experienced by some Latino children as psychological violence.\"},{\"question\":\"What long-term impacts does the report connect to the enforcement climate and family separation?\",\"answer\":\"It links these conditions to enduring effects on health and development, including cognitive and social-emotional trauma, increased risks related to depression, anxiety, and fear, and behavioral responses such as skipping school and acting out.\"}]","Applying a Community Violence Framework to Understand the Impact of Immigration Enforcement Threat on Latino Children | PDF",1792058109]