[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-117807-en":3,"doc-seo-117807-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},117807,549758146520,"Patrick","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470",8,"Research & Report","Applications of Machine Learning in Chemical and Biological Oceanography","Machine learning (ML) uses data-driven algorithms to predict outcomes or classify complex systems. This review examines how ML advances chemical and biological oceanography, including forecasting global fixed nitrogen and partial carbon dioxide pressure, and estimating other chemical properties. It also enables biological studies such as detecting planktonic forms from microscopy, FlowCAM, and video imagery, as well as from spectrometers and signal processing. ML further supports acoustic mammal classification, endangered species detection, hypoxia prediction, and harmful algal bloom monitoring. The work highlights database construction and algorithm development to strengthen marine research.","[http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf)  Review   \nApplications of Machine Learning in Chemical and Biological Oceanography  \nBalamurugan Sadaiappan, Preethiya Balakrishnan, Vishal C.R., Neethu T. Vijayan, Mahendran Subramanian, and Mangesh U. Gauns*  \n Cite This: ACS Omega 2023, 8, 15831−15853  \nRead Online  \nACCESS  \n Metrics & More  \n Article Recommendations  \nABSTRACT: Machine learning (ML) refers to computer algorithms that predict a meaningful output or categorize complex systems based on a large amount of data. ML is applied in various areas including natural science, engineering, space exploration, and even gaming development. This review focuses on the use of machine learning in the field of chemical and biological oceanography. In the prediction of global fixed nitrogen levels, partial carbon dioxide pressure, and other chemical properties, the application of ML is a promising tool. Machine learning is also utilized in the field of biological oceanography to detect planktonic forms from various images (i.e., microscopy, FlowCAM, and video recorders), spectrometers, and other signal processing techniques. Moreover, ML successfully classified the mammals using their acoustics, detecting endangered mammalian and fish species in a specific environment. Most importantly, using environmental data, the ML proved to be an effective method for predicting hypoxic conditions and harmful algal bloom events, an essential measurement in terms of environmental monitoring. Furthermore, machine learning was used to construct a number of databases for various species that will be useful to other researchers, and the creation of new algorithms will help the marine research community better comprehend the chemistry and biology of the ocean.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nThe ocean encloses complex ecosystems, each with a distinct physical, chemical, and geological composition, supporting avast spectrum of species. As the ocean covers 71% of the earth’s surface, it supports more living organisms than the terrestrial habitats.1 The earth’s biogeochemical cycle is heavily reliant on the ocean. Furthermore, it absorbs more than half of the carbon in the atmosphere. It also serves as the primary oxygen source. Due to its vast nature and complicated environment, continual monitoring is required to fully comprehend the ecosystem. As modern science progressed, additional research in the ocean environment was conducted on both a local and global scale. Even the most distant sections of the Antarctic and Arctic regions are monitored. Decades of investigations yield a huge amount of data that reflect these ecosystem characteristics. It does become increasingly difficult  \nwith how species adapt to environmental changes like the rise in temperature and pollution. Among the living organisms in the ocean, phytoplankton is the primary producer and plays an important role in the food web, as well as the biogeochemical cycle in the ocean,3 and acts as an indicator of pollution or eutrophication or climatic events (change in abundance and distribution).4 Similarly, zooplankton play an important role in the marine food web, elementary cycle, and vertical fluxes. Likewise, different eukaryotic organisms thrive in the ocean including fishes, turtles, dolphins, sharks, and mammals like whales, etc. All of these organisms play a role in their ecosystem but are collectively facing difficulties due to climate change. Chemical oceanography demonstrates the spatial and temporal distribution of elements, molecules, atoms, and compounds, which are closely related to biological, physical, and geological oceanography. It is involved in the study of  \nDownloaded via 157.46.68.126 on May 29, 2023 at 05:44:13 (UTC) . See [https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines](https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines) for options on how to legitimately share published articles.  \nto analyze big data using conventional numerical approaches. Biological oceanography de","cbCaid01i7N1vUi3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid01i7N1vUi3","pdf",13051604,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How does machine learning help predict chemical properties in oceanography?\",\"answer\":\"ML can predict global fixed nitrogen levels, partial carbon dioxide pressure, and other chemical properties using environmental datasets.\"},{\"question\":\"What biological oceanography tasks can be automated with ML?\",\"answer\":\"ML detects planktonic forms from images such as microscopy, FlowCAM, and video recordings, and it also supports classification using spectrometers and signal processing.\"},{\"question\":\"How does ML contribute to environmental monitoring of ocean hazards?\",\"answer\":\"Using environmental data, ML effectively predicts hypoxic conditions and helps detect harmful algal bloom events, supporting monitoring efforts.\"}]","Applications of Machine Learning in Chemical and Biological Oceanography | PDF",1785679671,58,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"applications-of-machine-learning-in-chemical-and-biological-oceanography","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/applications-of-machine-learning-in-chemical-and-biological-oceanography/117807/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"How does machine learning help predict chemical properties in oceanography?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"ML can predict global fixed nitrogen levels, partial carbon dioxide pressure, and other chemical properties using environmental datasets.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What biological oceanography tasks can be automated with ML?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"ML detects planktonic forms from images such as microscopy, FlowCAM, and video recordings, and it also supports classification using spectrometers and signal processing.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How does ML contribute to environmental monitoring of ocean hazards?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Using environmental data, ML effectively predicts hypoxic conditions and helps detect harmful algal bloom events, supporting monitoring efforts.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]