[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-358463-105":59,"doc-detail-358463-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","application-of-artificial-intelligence-in-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma","Application of artificial intelligence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from mucosal linings and has shown minimal survival improvement over decades, despite progress in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy. Immunotherapies such as pembrolizumab offer benefit for selected patients, but response rates remain limited, increasing the need for novel biomarkers. Artificial intelligence enables large-scale biomarker screening and predictive model construction to identify immunotherapy responders and forecast outcomes. This review also addresses challenges, opportunities, and clinical integration strategies, highlighting future AI potential in HNSCC immunotherapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/application-of-artificial-intelligence-in-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma/358463/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/application-of-artificial-intelligence-in-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma/358463.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is AI considered important for HNSCC immunotherapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"AI supports large-scale biomarker screening and builds predictive models that help identify immunotherapy responders and forecast patient outcomes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What limits the effectiveness of current HNSCC immunotherapies?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Only a limited portion of individuals with HNSCC benefit from these therapies, making better biomarkers and treatment selection increasingly urgent.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which immunotherapy target pathway is discussed in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review focuses on immune checkpoint blockade targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, including agents under evaluation beyond approved drugs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},358463,1790739011,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","AnnAls of Medicine  \n2026, Vol. 58, no. 1, 2620191  \n[https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2620191](https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2620191)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE     \nApplication of artificial intelligence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma  \nPeipei Wanga*, Jiaxin Tianc,d*, Guowan Zhengc,d, Yunzhao Chenb and Xinxin Renb,c,d  \naHangzhou Geriatric Hospital, department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou first People’s Hospital chengbei campus, school of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, china; bdepartment of Pathology, cancer center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical college, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, china; cZhejiang Provincial clinical Research center for Head & neck cancer, Hangzhou, china; dZhejiang Key laboratory of Precision Medicine Research on Head & neck cancer, Hangzhou, china  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) emerges from the mucosal linings of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavities, oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx. Despite significant advances in understanding its epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment strategies, the survival rate of HNSCC has shown little improvement over the last 40 years, maintaining a 5-year survival outcome of approximately 50%. Although the emergence of immunotherapies, such aspembrolizumab-FDA-approved for first-line HNSCC treatment-has shown promise in enhancing therapeutic outcomes and patient prognosis, merely a limited portion of individuals with HNSCC experience advantages from these therapeutic approaches. Main body: Consequently, the need for novel biomarkers to refine treatment selection is increasingly urgent. The swift progress of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has enabled large-scale biomarker screening and the creation of predictive models, which are critical for identifying immunotherapy responders and predicting patient outcomes. This review summarizes current immunotherapeutic approaches in HNSCC and examines the role of AI in advancing immunotherapy strategies.  \nDiscussion: Furthermore, it discusses the challenges, opportunities and strategies associated with integrating AI into clinical practice. Finally, the review highlights the transformative potential of AI in HNSCC immunotherapy and offers perspectives on its future applications.  \nIntroduction  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 3 September 2025  \nAccepted 17 January 2026  \nKEYWORDS  \nHNSCC; immunotherapy; AI; machine learning; deep learning  \nHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) stands as the sixth most prevalent malignancy globally, with predicted incidence rates expected to rise by approximately 63% by 2050 [1] . Developing from the mucosal epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and sinonasal tract, HNSCC is influenced by a wide array of risk factors that vary by anatomical site [2] . High-risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as well as the consumption of alcohol and tobacco [3] . Currently, no screening method has proven effective, and early detection primarily relies on meticulous physical examination. Although certain oral premalignant conditions, including leukoplakia (white patches) and erythroplakia (red patches), may advance to invasive carcinoma, the majority of individuals receive diagnosis at advanced stages without earlier premalignant indicators [4] . Most HNSCC instances manifest as locally advanced conditions, necessitating combined therapeutic approaches. The therapeutic strategy generally encompasses surgical intervention followed by supplementary radiation or chemotherapy plus radiation (termed chemoradiation) based on disease progression [5] . Despite this therapeutic aim towards a cure, a significant number of individuals will face locoregional reoccurrence and/or distant metastasis, leading  \nCONTACT Xinxin Ren  [xxren8806@163.com](xxren8806@163.com); Yunzhao chen  chenyunzhao@hmc.edu.cn  department of Pathology, cancer cent","cbCaiujmyYE3EBSe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiujmyYE3EBSe","pdf",1874960,26,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Main body\n## Discussion\n# Introduction\n# Article information\n## Received and accepted dates\n## Keywords","[{\"question\":\"Why is AI considered important for HNSCC immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"AI supports large-scale biomarker screening and builds predictive models that help identify immunotherapy responders and forecast patient outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What limits the effectiveness of current HNSCC immunotherapies?\",\"answer\":\"Only a limited portion of individuals with HNSCC benefit from these therapies, making better biomarkers and treatment selection increasingly urgent.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immunotherapy target pathway is discussed in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on immune checkpoint blockade targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, including agents under evaluation beyond approved drugs.\"}]","Application of artificial intelligence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | PDF",1790134256,66]