[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-657161-105":59,"doc-detail-657161-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","application-of-a-sankey-diagram-to-migration-patterns-of-construction-and-engineering-workforce","Application of a Sankey Diagram to Migration Patterns of Construction and Engineering Workforce","","Sankey diagrams provide a quantitative visualization for mapping inflows and outflows across process stages through arrows of proportional widths. The paper argues that, despite broad adoption in other disciplines, their use in construction research is limited and underrepresented in common scholarly search results. It presents a rationale, a literature-based exploration, and a case study showing workforce migration patterns from 2013 to 2023, distinguishing hiring and separations to highlight industry transitivity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/application-of-a-sankey-diagram-to-migration-patterns-of-construction-and-engineering-workforce/657161/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/application-of-a-sankey-diagram-to-migration-patterns-of-construction-and-engineering-workforce/657161.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of using a Sankey diagram in this paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To visualize and analyze workforce migration patterns by mapping inflows (hired workers) and outflows (separations) across construction process stages.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the paper focus on workforce migration in construction?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Because construction faces persistent workforce shortages and high turnover, and the study aims to illustrate workforce movement trends that affect industry demand.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the paper evaluate Sankey diagrams for construction research?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It uses three approaches: examples from other disciplines, identification of uses in construction research, and a construction-focused case study implementing Sankey diagrams.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657161,1792974957,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Joint CSCE Construction Specialty & CRC Conference 2025 Conférence conjointe spécialisée en construction de la SCGC et CRC-2025  \nMontreal, Quebec  \nJuly 28-31, 2025 / 28-31 juillet 2025  \nApplication of a Sankey Diagram to Migration Patterns of Construction and  \nEngineering Workforce  \nMosier, R. 1,5 , Sulbaran, T. 2,6 , Ogunrinde, O. 3,7 , and Burgoon, J. 5,8  \n1 Francis and Kathleen Rooney Construction Engineering Technology Program, Oklahoma State  \nUniversity, Stillwater, OK, USA  \n2 Klesse College of Engineering and Integrated Design, The University of Texas – San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA  \n3 Construction Science and Management, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, USA  \n4 Construction Management, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE, USA  \nABSTRACT: Sankey diagrams are a powerful data visualization tool used to map inflows and outflows at different stages of a process. These diagrams utilized “arrows”of differing proportional widths to represent movement between stages, offering an intuitive way to analyze complex system. Sankey diagram have been widely applied in various fields most iconic being the flow of troops during Napolean’s invasion of Waterloo, their use in construction publications remains exceptionally limited. A preliminary Google Scholar for “Sankey”and“Construction” yielded no results. Thus, this paper explores the utility of Sankey diagram in three approaches: First, provides a use case of Sankey diagrams in other disciplines, Second, identify uses in construction research. Finally, provides a case study of implementing Sankey diagrams in construction research. The study explores the potential of Sankey diagraming to visualize workforce migration patterns between 2013 and 2023 in construction. In inflow rates represents workers hired, while outflow denotes separation. By illustrating hiring, employment, and separations, the diagram provides a proportional representation of movement highlighting industry transitivity. This is particularly relevant given the projected 1.9 million workers migration to other sectors in 2024. The turnover rate is generally higher in the construction industry when compared to others, which may be a limiting factor in meeting projected construction workforce demands. The tool has broader applications in construction and engineering, specifically optimizing flow processes and resource planning. The case study visualizes the movement of people, the diagram can drive visual improvement in a wide range of engineering and construction areas.  \n1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND  \nThe construction industry plays a critical role in global economic development, yet it faces persistent workforce shortages that threaten project timelines, productivity, and overall industry growth (Ginige et al. 2007, Ayodele et al. 2020) . Skilled labor shortages have become more pronounced in recent years due to several factors, including an aging workforce, high turnover rates, and declining interest among younger generations in pursuing construction careers (Greenberg et al. 2024) . According to the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), 88% of construction firms report difficulty in filling craft positions, indicating an urgent need for skilled labor (AGC, 2023) . This labor gap not only delays project completion but also increases labor costs and reduces overall efficiency, particularly due to underrepresentation. Therefore, a need to investigate the causes of a a leaky employment pipeline.  \nThe“leaky pipeline”metaphor has been used to describe the loss of Under-Represented Minorities (URM) in STEM for quite some time (Pell 1996), with research continuing to the present (Saraswathiamma et al. 2010, Appelhans et al. 2019) . The purpose of the “leaky pipeline” metaphor is to illustrate movement, the inputs and outputs of a system, whether it be an actual pipeline or aqueduct (Lehrman 2018) or students moving in and out of a major (Loder 2024) . However, the“leaky pipeline”m","cbCaieGoUyMY2eNq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieGoUyMY2eNq","pdf",772673,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND\n## 1.1 Case of Sankey Diagrams in Other Disciplines","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of using a Sankey diagram in this paper?\",\"answer\":\"To visualize and analyze workforce migration patterns by mapping inflows (hired workers) and outflows (separations) across construction process stages.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the paper focus on workforce migration in construction?\",\"answer\":\"Because construction faces persistent workforce shortages and high turnover, and the study aims to illustrate workforce movement trends that affect industry demand.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper evaluate Sankey diagrams for construction research?\",\"answer\":\"It uses three approaches: examples from other disciplines, identification of uses in construction research, and a construction-focused case study implementing Sankey diagrams.\"}]","Application of a Sankey Diagram to Migration Patterns of Construction and Engineering Workforce | PDF",23]