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Traces how drugs such as cinchona bark for intermittent fevers, opium and laudanum for pain and sedation, and ipecac for versatile early-modern therapy were procured, explained, and selected. Highlights constraints of the era, reliance on colonial trade routes, and practical preparation for malaria, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, and venereal disease.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/apothecarys-cabinet-no-8-fall-2004/607946/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/apothecarys-cabinet-no-8-fall-2004/607946.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Pentious","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why were most medicines imported into the United States in 1803?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Because importing was largely necessary: many materia medica came from plants grown far away, and many medicinal chemicals were not yet mass produced by the young American industry.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What was cinchona bark used for during the expedition?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It was valued as a cure for intermittent fevers such as malaria, with quinine later identified as the active ingredient.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did physicians in the early 19th century use opium compared with today?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They commonly administered opium orally, often in pill form, since technologies like hypodermic syringes were not yet available.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},607946,1793052987,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},1374404730887,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Apothecary’s  \nCabinet  \nNo. 8, Fall 2004  \nNews and Notes from the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy  \nHEADLINE:  \nLewis & Clark Bought Imported Drugs!!  \nby Gregory J. Higby  \nYES, the famed Corps of Discovery led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark traversed 8,000 miles of North American wilderness with two chests full of imported drugs. In contrast with current debates about the cost of prescription medicines, the decision was simple in 1803—almost all drugs were imported into the United States because of sheer necessity. Most items of the materia medica were derived from plants grown only in far-off lands. And many of the chemicals used as medicines were not mass produced yet by the nascent American industry.  \nIn May 1803, Army purveyor Israel Whelan went to the establishment of Gillaspy and Strong, Druggists, of Philadelphia and bought medical supplies for the Corps of Discovery. Thirty-odd drugs and medicines were purchased, as well as bottles, surgical supplies, and a few other necessities. Table 1 lists the items that appeared on the bill sent to Meriwether Lewis. A glance over the list reveals much about what medical challenges the captains expected on their journey: malaria, wounds, gastro-intestinal disorders, and venereal disease. The list also  \nshows what limited resources were available two hundred years ago to treat acute illnesses.  \nAs part of his preparation to lead the expedition west, Lewis had spent time consulting with Philadelphia’s scientific elite, including the famed physician Benjamin Rush. Lewis received a set of medical instructions from Rush—which he and Clark largely ignored—and no doubt guidance to bring along a plentiful supply of “Rush’s Pills.” The chests of medicines had the basics of the day: cinchona bark, opium, tonics, laxatives, emetics, and diaphoretics, plus ointments and other external remedies for the inevitable scrapes and sprains. The most important medical decision made by Lewis and Clark was choosing a group of healthy young men toughened by frontier or military experi-  \nence. Only one man was lost during the 28-month journey.  \nCinchona Bark (South America)  \nIt was no accident that the largest single medicine purchased by Whelan for the Corps was fifteen pounds of “Pulv. Cort. Peru” otherwise known as cinchona bark or simply Bark. One of the great panaceas of the era, cinchona bark arrived in Europe from South America in the early 1600s as a specific cure for intermittent fevers (malaria) . As a specific it rocked traditional medical theories, which maintained that disease came from humoral imbalances within the body. As one of the few drugs that actually cured a disease, cinchona was soon tried against other fevers and constitutional ail-  \nThe American Institute of the History of Pharmacy is a unique organization dedicated to the preservation of pharmacy’s heritage. The Apothecary’s Cabinet is a publication from AIHP that takes a popular look at the history of pharmacy in its many facets. We welcome your comments and submissions.  \nments even though it had little if any effect. For the Corps, however, fifteen pounds of Peruvian Bark was no foolish extravagance. The center of the North American continent was full of mosquitoes, some of which carried malaria.  \nQuinine, the main active ingredient of cinchona, was not isolated until 1820 by French pharmacists Pelletier and Caventou. Only ten or twelve ounces of this alkaloid would have equaled the medicinal power of a bulky container of powdered Bark. Like most of the other drugs carried by the Corps, the cinchona probably arrived in Philadelphia via London merchants, rather than directly from the countries of origin.  \nOpium and Laudanum (Middle East)  \nFrom the list of drugs, opium and its tincture (laudanum) appear to fill a niche still required intoday’s therapeutics—opiate pain reliever. (Five of the top 100 drugs prescribed in 2003 were derived in part from opium.) And while opium and its preparations we","cbCaivKNU0fDlsYE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivKNU0fDlsYE","pdf",2443025,16,"English","# Lewis & Clark Bought Imported Drugs!!\n## Imported medical supplies for the Corps of Discovery\n## Cinchona Bark (South America)\n## Opium and Laudanum (Middle East)\n## Ipecac (Brazil)","[{\"question\":\"Why were most medicines imported into the United States in 1803?\",\"answer\":\"Because importing was largely necessary: many materia medica came from plants grown far away, and many medicinal chemicals were not yet mass produced by the young American industry.\"},{\"question\":\"What was cinchona bark used for during the expedition?\",\"answer\":\"It was valued as a cure for intermittent fevers such as malaria, with quinine later identified as the active ingredient.\"},{\"question\":\"How did physicians in the early 19th century use opium compared with today?\",\"answer\":\"They commonly administered opium orally, often in pill form, since technologies like hypodermic syringes were not yet available.\"}]","Apothecary’s Cabinet - No. 8 - Fall 2004 | PDF",1792208065]