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It defines psychology, traces key historical developments and major schools of thought, and compares multiple approaches and subfields. The review then covers research types, data collection terminology, and experiment design, including validity and reliability, hypotheses and theories, research designs, experimental variables, sampling purpose, and descriptive statistics used to summarize study results.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ap-psychology-essential-information-introduction-to-psychology-methods-and-testing/343759/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ap-psychology-essential-information-introduction-to-psychology-methods-and-testing/343759.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Hazel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does psychology study according to this review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Psychology is defined as the study of behavior and mental processes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What is the difference between applied research and basic research?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Applied research has clear, practical applications, while basic research explores questions of interest to psychologists without immediate real-world intent.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do validity and reliability relate to research measurements?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Validity concerns how accurately a measure reflects what it is supposed to test, while reliability focuses on consistency of results, such as through test-retest or split-half approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},343759,1790742656,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984","AP Psychology Essential Information  \nIntroduction to Psychology  \n1. What is the definition of psychology?  \na. The study of behavior and mental processes  \n2. How did psychology as a study of behavior and mental processes develop?  \na. The roots of psychology can be traced back to the philosophy of Empiricism: emphasizing the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, while discounting the notion of innate ideas.-Greeks like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Later studied by Francis Bacon, Rene Decartes and John Locke.  \n3. What is the historical development of psychology?  \na. The evolution of psychology includes structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism and Gestalt psychology  \nb. Wilhelm Wundt: set up the first psychological laboratory.  \ni. trained subjects in introspection: examine your own cognitive processing-known as structuralism  \nii. study the role of consciousness; changes from philosophy to a science  \nii. Also used by Edward Titchener  \nc. William James: published first psychology textbook; examined how the structures identified by Wundt function in our lives-functionalism  \ni. Based off of Darwin’s theory of evolution  \n4. What are the different approaches to studying behavior and mental processes?  \na. biological, evolutionary, psychoanalysis (Freud), behavioral (Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner), cognitive, humanistic (Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers), social (Bandura) and Gestalt  \n5. Who are the individuals associated with different approaches to psychology?  \na. Darwin, Freud, Watson, Skinner and Maslow  \n6. What are each of the subfields within psychology?  \na. cognitive, biological, personality, developmental, quantitative, clinical, counseling, psychiatry, community, educational, school, social, industrial  \nMethods and Testing  \n1. What are the two main forms of research?  \na. Applied research: compare two different methods; has clear, practical applications  \nb. Basic research: explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real world applications  \n2. What are some major terms associated with data collection and experimentation?  \na. Validity  \n-face validity: refers to a superficial measure of accuracy  \n-content validity: a type of face validity; how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it is supposed to be testing  \n-criterion related validity: can have two types  \n-concurrent validity: how much ofa characteristic a person has now  \n-predictive validity: a measure of future performance  \n-construct validity: most meaningful; ifa measure already exists and has been established to identify validity, can correlate performance on the new measure with other performances. The higher the correlation, the more construct validity the new measure has  \nb. Reliability  \n-split half: randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating people’s performances on the two halves.  \n-equivalent-form: the correlation between performance on the different forms of the test  \n-test-retest: refers to the correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test  \n-Use operational definitions to define procedures, variables, etc.-use so that other people can replicate your same research design (reliability)  \nc. Hypothesis  \nd. Theory  \n3. What are the different research designs to studying behavior and mental processes?  \na. laboratory experiments vs. field experiments  \nb. naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies and experiments  \nc. standardized testing-ex. SAT test;  \nd. can create either a longitudinal or cross-sectional study  \n4. What are the different variables in an experiment?  \na. the variables affect the outcome of the experiment  \nb. independent vs. dependent  \nc. experimental vs. control group  \ni. Hawthorne effect: it has been proven that merely selecting a group of peopl","cbCaipp21o5JMgHA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipp21o5JMgHA","pdf",273559,22,"English","# Introduction to Psychology\n## Definition and development of psychology\n## Historical approaches and key figures\n## Approaches and subfields\n# Methods and Testing\n## Forms of research\n## Validity, reliability, hypotheses, and theories\n## Research designs and variables\n## Sampling and descriptive statistics","[{\"question\":\"What does psychology study according to this review?\",\"answer\":\"Psychology is defined as the study of behavior and mental processes.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between applied research and basic research?\",\"answer\":\"Applied research has clear, practical applications, while basic research explores questions of interest to psychologists without immediate real-world intent.\"},{\"question\":\"How do validity and reliability relate to research measurements?\",\"answer\":\"Validity concerns how accurately a measure reflects what it is supposed to test, while reliability focuses on consistency of results, such as through test-retest or split-half approaches.\"}]","AP Psychology Essential Information - Introduction to Psychology - Methods and Testing | PDF",1790052037,55]