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The sheet also covers trigonometric function values for common angles, exam assumptions and conventions, and grouped mechanics, waves, optics, and modern physics symbol references.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ap-physics-2-2026-exam-reference-information-constants-units-and-conventions/266544/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ap-physics-2-2026-exam-reference-information-constants-units-and-conventions/266544.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Theodore","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",18,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What can students use this reference booklet for during the AP Physics 2 exam?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Students can use the provided constants, unit symbols, prefixes, and listed conventions during the exam, including scratch work space within the booklet.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which exam conventions are stated for problem assumptions?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The booklet states that problem reference frames are assumed inertial, air resistance is negligible unless noted, springs and strings are ideal unless noted, and several electrical assumptions (like zero potential at infinity for an isolated point charge) are used unless otherwise specified.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What reference information is provided for unit symbols and prefixes?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It lists standard SI unit symbols (such as A, V, N, J, Pa) and common metric prefix factors with symbols (tera T, giga G, mega M, kilo k, centi c, milli m, micro μ, nano n, pico p).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},266544,1789408824,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,95,100,105,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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work during the exam. Proctors should collect this reference information at the conclusion of the exam.  \n\n| Avogadro’s number, \u003Cbr>Universal gas constant,  \u003Cbr>Boltzmann’s constant,  \u003Cbr>1 atmosphere of pressure, \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Coulomb constant, ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~\u003Cbr>Proton mass,   \u003Cbr>Neutron mass,   \u003Cbr>Electron mass, \u003Cbr>Elementary charge, \u003Cbr>Vacuum permittivity, \u003Cbr>Vacuum permeability, \u003Cbr>1 electron volt, \u003Cbr>Planck’s constant,   \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Speed of light, \u003Cbr>Wien’s constant, \u003Cbr>Stefan-Boltzmann constant,  \u003Cbr>1 unified atomic mass unit, \u003Cbr>|\n| --- |\n| Universal gravitational constant,  \u003Cbr>Magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 ms2 Magnitude of the gravitational field strength at Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 Nkg\u003Cbr>|\n\nCONSTANTSAND CONVERSION FACTORS  \n\n| ampere, A |\n| --- |\n| coulomb, C |\n| degree Celsius, °C |\n| electron volt, eV |\n| farad, F |\n| hertz, Hz |\n| joule, J |\n| kelvin, K |\n| kilogram, kg |\n| meter, m |\n| mole, mol |\n| newton, N |\n| ohm, Ω |\n| pascal, Pa |\n| second, s |\n| tesla, T |\n| volt, V |\n| watt, W |\n\nUNIT SYMBOLS  \n\n| PREFIXES |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Factor | Prefix | Symbol |\n| 1012 | tera | T |\n| 109 | giga | G |\n| 106 | mega | M |\n| 103 | kilo | k |\n| 10−2 | centi | c |\n| 10−3 | milli | m |\n| 10−6 | micro | μ |\n| 10−9 | nano | n |\n| 10−12 | pico | p |\n\nAP Physics 2: Algebra-Based  \n\n| VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR\u003Cbr>COMMON ANGLES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | 0° | 30° | 37° | 45° | 53° | 60° | 90° |\n| | 0 | 12 | 3 5\u003Cbr>| 2 2\u003Cbr>| 45 | 32\u003Cbr>| 1 |\n| | 1 | 32\u003Cbr>| 45 | 2 2\u003Cbr>| 3 5\u003Cbr>| 12 | 0 |\n| | 0 | 33\u003Cbr>| 3 4\u003Cbr>| 1 | 43 | 3\u003Cbr>| |\n\nThe following conventions are used in this exam:  \n• The frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial unless otherwise stated.  \n• Air resistance is assumed to be negligible unless otherwise stated.  \n• Springs and strings are assumed to be ideal unless otherwise stated.  \n• The electric potential is zero at an infinite distance from an isolated point charge.  \n• The direction of current is the direction in which positive charges would drift.  \n• All batteries, wires, and meters are assumed to be ideal unless otherwise stated.  \n1  \n© 2025 College Board  \n\n| ELECTRICITY |  | MAGNETISM |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | A = area\u003Cbr>C = capacitance d = distance E = electric field F = force\u003Cbr>I = current ℓ = length P = power q = charge\u003Cbr>Q = charge\u003Cbr>r = distance, radius, or position\u003Cbr>R = resistance t = time\u003Cbr>U = potential energy V = electric potential k = dielectric constant  = resistivity\u003Cbr>t = time constant | | A = area\u003Cbr>B = magnetic field F = force\u003Cbr>I = current ℓ = length q = charge\u003Cbr>r = distance, radius, or position t = time\u003Cbr>v = velocity or speed e = emf\u003Cbr>q = angle\u003Cbr>F = flux |  |\n|  |  | THERMAL PHYSICS |  |  |\n|  |  | |  | A = area\u003Cbr>c = specific heat F = force\u003Cbr>k = thermal conductivity K = kinetic energy L = length\u003Cbr>m = mass\u003Cbr>n = number of moles N = number of atoms P = pressure\u003Cbr>Q = energy transferred toa system by heating\u003Cbr>t = time\u003Cbr>T = temperature U = internal energy v = velocity or speed V = volume\u003Cbr>W = work done on a system |\n\nAP Physics 2: Algebra-Based 2  \n© 2025 College Board  \n\n| WAVES, SOUND, AND OPTICS |  | MODERN PHYSICS |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | a = width\u003Cbr>A = amplitude d = separation\u003Cbr>D = path length\u003Cbr>f = frequency or focal length\u003Cbr>F = force h = height ℓ = length L = distance\u003Cbr>m = order or mass\u003Cbr>M = magnification n = index of refractions = position\u003Cbr>t = time\u003Cbr>T = period v = speed x = position y = position\u003Cbr>λ = wavelength q = angle\u003Cbr>w = angular frequency | | A = area E = energy\u003Cbr>f = frequency K = kinetic energy m = mass\u003Cbr>N = number of particles p = momentum\u003Cbr>P = power t = time\u003Cbr>T = absolute temperature q = \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>f = work function |\n|  |  |  |  |\n| \u003Cb","cbCaimgh9ORSiRc8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimgh9ORSiRc8","pdf",1741228,"English","# Avogadro’s number and physical constants\n# Constants and conversion factors\n# Unit symbols and metric prefixes\n# Algebra-Based trigonometric function values\n# Exam conventions and variable notation\n## Electricity and magnetism\n## Thermal physics\n## Waves, sound, and optics\n## Modern physics\n## Geometry and trigonometry\n## Mechanics and fluids","[{\"question\":\"What can students use this reference booklet for during the AP Physics 2 exam?\",\"answer\":\"Students can use the provided constants, unit symbols, prefixes, and listed conventions during the exam, including scratch work space within the booklet.\"},{\"question\":\"Which exam conventions are stated for problem assumptions?\",\"answer\":\"The booklet states that problem reference frames are assumed inertial, air resistance is negligible unless noted, springs and strings are ideal unless noted, and several electrical assumptions (like zero potential at infinity for an isolated point charge) are used unless otherwise specified.\"},{\"question\":\"What reference information is provided for unit symbols and prefixes?\",\"answer\":\"It lists standard SI unit symbols (such as A, V, N, J, Pa) and common metric prefix factors with symbols (tera T, giga G, mega M, kilo k, centi c, milli m, micro μ, nano n, pico p).\"}]","AP Physics 2 - 2026 Exam Reference Information - Constants, Units, and Conventions | PDF",13]