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The reference sheet includes two programming formats: text based and block based.  \nProgramming instructions use four data types: numbers, Booleans, strings, and lists. Instructions from any of the following categories may appear on the exam:  \n▶ Assignment, Display, and Input  \n▶ Arithmetic Operators and Numeric Procedures  \n▶ Relational and Boolean Operators  \n▶ Selection  \n▶ Iteration  \n▶ List Operations  \n▶ Procedures  \n▶ Robot  \n© 2017 The College Board  \n118  \nAP Computer Science Principles Exam Reference Sheet  \n\n| Instruction | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| Assignment, Display, and Input |  |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>a ← expression\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| Evaluates expression and assigns the result to the variable a. |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>DISPLAY (expression)\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| Displays the value of expression, followed by a space. |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>INPUT ()\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| Accepts a value from the user and returns it. |\n| Arithmetic Operators and Numeric Procedures |  |\n| Text and Block:\u003Cbr>a + b\u003Cbr>a-b\u003Cbr>a * b\u003Cbr>a / b | The arithmetic operators +, -, *, and / are used to perform arithmetic on a and b. For example, 3 / 2 evaluates to 1.5. |\n| Text and Block:\u003Cbr>a MOD b | Evaluates to the remainder when a is divided by b. Assume that a and b are positive integers.\u003Cbr>For example, 17 MOD 5 evaluates to 2. |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>RANDOM (a, b)\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| Evaluates to a random integer from a to b, including a and b.\u003Cbr>For example, RANDOM (1, 3) could evaluate to 1, 2, or 3. |\n| Relational and Boolean Operators |  |\n| Text and Block:\u003Cbr>a = b\u003Cbr>a ≠ b\u003Cbr>a > b\u003Cbr>a \u003C b\u003Cbr>a ≥ b\u003Cbr>a ≤ b | The relational operators =, ≠, >, \u003C, ≥, and ≤ are used to test the relationship between two variables, expressions, or values.\u003Cbr>For example, a = b evaluates to true ifa and b are equal; otherwise, it evaluates to false. |\n\n© 2017 The College Board  \n119  \nAP Computer Science Principles Exam Reference Sheet  \n\n| Instruction | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| Relational and Boolean Operators (continued) |  |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>NOT condition Block:\u003Cbr>| Evaluates to true if condition is false; otherwise evaluates to false. |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>condition1 AND condition2 Block:\u003Cbr>| Evaluates to true if both condition1 and condition2 are true; otherwise, evaluates to false. |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>condition1 OR condition2 Block:\u003Cbr>| Evaluates to true if condition1 is true or if condition2 is true or if both condition1 and condition2 are true; otherwise, evaluates to false. |\n| Selection |  |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>IF (condition){\u003Cbr>\u003Cblock of statements>}\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| The code in block of statements is executed if the Boolean expression condition evaluates to true; no action is taken if condition evaluates to false. |\n\n© 2017 The College Board  \n120  \nAP Computer Science Principles Exam Reference Sheet  \n\n| Instruction | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| Selection (continued) |  |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>IF (condition){\u003Cbr>\u003Cfirst block of statements>\u003Cbr>} ELSE {\u003Cbr>\u003Csecond block of statements>}\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| The code in first block of statements is executed if the Boolean expression condition evaluates to true; otherwise, the code in second block of statements is executed. |\n| Iteration |  |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>REPEAT n TIMES {\u003Cbr>\u003Cblock of statements>}\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| The code in block of statements is executed n times. |\n| Text:\u003Cbr>REPEAT UNTIL (condition){\u003Cbr>\u003Cblock of statements>}\u003Cbr>Block:\u003Cbr>| The code in block of statements is repeated until the Boolean expression condition evaluates to true. |\n\n© 2017 The College Board  \n121  \nAP Computer Science Principles Exam Reference Sheet  \n\n| Instruction | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| List Operations |  |\n| For all list operations, ifa list index is less ","cbCaioOYftqzka4S","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioOYftqzka4S","pdf",2147596,"English","# Instruction Categories\n## Assignment, Display, and Input\n## Arithmetic Operators and Numeric Procedures\n## Relational and Boolean Operators\n## Selection\n## Iteration\n## List Operations\n## Procedures","[{\"question\":\"What programming formats are used in AP Computer Science Principles questions?\",\"answer\":\"The reference sheet states there are two programming formats: text-based and block-based. The same ideas are expressed in either presentation style on the exam.\"},{\"question\":\"Which data types are covered for instructions on the exam?\",\"answer\":\"Programming instructions use four data types: numbers, Booleans, strings, and lists. These guide how expressions and operations are evaluated.\"},{\"question\":\"How do selection and iteration control execution?\",\"answer\":\"Selection uses IF (condition) with optional ELSE to choose which block runs based on a Boolean condition. Iteration repeats a block using REPEAT n TIMES or REPEAT UNTIL (condition) until the condition becomes true.\"}]","AP Computer Science Principles Exam Reference Sheet - Study Guide | PDF",1790040879,25]