[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-437258-105":59,"doc-detail-437258-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","ap-chemistry-equations-and-constants-2024-free-response-questions","AP® Chemistry Equations and Constants - 2024 Free-Response Questions","","A 2024 AP Chemistry free-response questions packet centered on the chemistry reference equations and constants used throughout the exam. It provides symbol definitions and core formula sets for atomic structure, equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp, Ka, Kb, Kw, pH/pOH), kinetics rate laws and half-life, gases and solutions (ideal gas, molarity, density, molar absorptivity), and thermodynamics/electrochemistry relationships (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, Ecell, Faraday’s constant). The document then outlines Section II timing and begins Question 1 on lactic acid titration with sodium hydroxide, including structural, molarity, pKa, species distribution, curve drawing, and justification tasks.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ap-chemistry-equations-and-constants-2024-free-response-questions/437258/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ap-chemistry-equations-and-constants-2024-free-response-questions/437258.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"cksankcs","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What topics are covered in the AP Chemistry equations and constants provided in this packet?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The packet lists reference formulas and symbols for atomic structure, equilibrium (Kc/Kp and pH-related relationships), kinetics rate laws and half-life, gases and solutions (ideal gas and molarity-related definitions), and thermodynamics/electrochemistry (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, and Ecell relationships).","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How long are the questions in Section II, and how are they weighted?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions requiring about 23 minutes each and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions requiring about 9 minutes each and are worth 4 points each.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the main reaction studied in Question 1?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Question 1 studies the reaction between lactic acid (C3H6O3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), shown in the balanced equation with products including the conjugate base and water.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},437258,1790994891,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},3985747882755,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","2024  \nAP® Chemistry Free-Response Questions  \n© 2024 College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of College Board. Visit College Board on the web: [collegeboard.org](collegeboard.org).  \n[AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org](AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org).  \nAP® CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS  \nThroughout the exam the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.  \nL, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s)  \ng = gram(s)  \nnm = nanometer(s) atm = atmosphere(s)  \nmm Hg = millimeters of mercury J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)  \nV = volt(s)  \nmol = mole(s)  \n\n| ATOMIC STRUCTURE\u003Cbr>E = h 􀁑\u003Cbr>c = 􀁏􀁑 | E = energy\u003Cbr>􀁑 = frequency\u003Cbr>􀁏 = wavelength\u003Cbr>Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 􀁵 10􀀐34 Js Speed of light, c = 2.998 􀁵 108 ms􀀐1\u003Cbr>Avogadro’s number = 6.022 􀁵 1023 mol􀀐1 Electron charge, e = 􀀐1.602 × 10􀀐19 coulomb |\n| --- | --- |\n| EQUILIBRIUM\u003Cbr>Kc = [[CA]]ca[[DB]]db~~ ~~ , where a A + b B 􀁒 c C + d DK = (PC )c (PD )d \u003Cbr>p (PA )a (PB )b Ka = [H~~[~~]A[A~~] ~~-~~ ~~] Kb = [OH-~~[~~][B~~]~~HB+~~ ~~]\u003Cbr>Kw = [H+][OH􀀐 ] = 1.0 􀁵 10􀀐14 at 25􀁱 C = Ka 􀁵 Kb\u003Cbr>pH = 􀀐log[H+], pOH = 􀀐log [OH􀀐 ]\u003Cbr>14 = pH + pOH\u003Cbr>pH = pKa + log ~~ [~~[AHA-~~ ~~]~~] ~~pKa = 􀀐logKa , pKb = 􀀐logKb | Equilibrium Constants Kc (molar concentrations) Kp (gas pressures)\u003Cbr>Ka (weak acid)\u003Cbr>Kb (weak base)\u003Cbr>Kw (water) |\n| KINETICS\u003Cbr>[A] t 􀀐 [A] 0 = 􀀐 kt ln[A] t 􀀐 ln[A]0 = 􀀐 kt [1A]t~~ ~~ - ~~ ~~[1A]0~~ ~~ = kt\u003Cbr>t  0.693 ½ = k | k = rate constant\u003Cbr>t = time t ½ = half-life |\n\n\n| GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS | P = pressure |\n| --- | --- |\n| PV = nRT\u003Cbr>PA = Ptotal 􀁵 XA, where XA = ~~t~~oa~~l~~lesmoA~~le~~s | V = volume\u003Cbr>T = temperature n = number of moles m = mass |\n| Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . . | M = molar mass\u003Cbr>D = density |\n| n = mM\u003Cbr>K = 􀁱 C + 273 | KE = kinetic energy\u003Cbr>v = velocity\u003Cbr>A = absorbance |\n| D = mV\u003Cbr>KE = 1  mv 2 molecule 2\u003Cbr>Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution A = 􀁈 bc | 􀁈 = molar absorptivity b = path length\u003Cbr>c = concentration\u003Cbr>Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol􀀐1K􀀐1 = 0.08206 L atm mol􀀐1 K􀀐1 = 62.36 L torr mol􀀐1 K􀀐1\u003Cbr>1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr STP = 273.15 K and 1.0 atm\u003Cbr>Ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L mol−1 |\n| THERMODYNAMICS / ELECTROCHEMISTRY\u003Cbr>q = mc􀀧T\u003Cbr>􀀧 S􀁱 = Â S􀁄 products- ÂS􀁄 reactants\u003Cbr>􀀧H􀁱 = Â DHf􀁄 products- ÂDHf􀁄 reactants\u003Cbr>􀀧G􀁱 = Â DGf􀁄 products- ÂDGf􀁄 reactants\u003Cbr>􀀧G􀁱 = 􀀧H􀁱 􀀐 T􀀧S􀁱= 􀀐RTlnK = 􀀐 nFE 􀁱\u003Cbr>I = qt\u003Cbr>Ecell = Eell -RT~~n~~F~~ ~~ ln Q | q = heat\u003Cbr>m = mass\u003Cbr>c = specific heat capacity T = temperature\u003Cbr>S􀁱 = standard entropy H􀁱 = standard enthalpy\u003Cbr>G􀁱 = standard Gibbs free energy n = number of moles\u003Cbr>E􀁱 = standard reduction potential I = current (amperes)\u003Cbr>q = charge (coulombs) t = time (seconds) Q = reaction quotient\u003Cbr>Faraday’s constant, F = 96,485 coulombs per mole\u003Cbr>of electrons\u003Cbr> 1 joule \u003Cbr>1 volt =\u003Cbr>1 coulomb |\n\nAP® Chemistry 2024 Free-Response Questions  \nBegin your response to QUESTION 1 on this page.  \nCHEMISTRY  \nSECTION II  \nTime—1 hour and 45 minutes  \n7 Questions  \nDirections: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each.  \nFor each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part. Examples and equations maybe included in your responses where appropriate. For calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Pay attention to significant figures.  \nC 3H6 O 3 (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaC 3H5 O 3 (aq) + H2 O (l)  \n1. A student is studying the reaction between lactic acid, C 3H6 O 3 , and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, as represented in the balanced equation above.  \n(a) T","cbCaiiPrGwUBMBWK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiPrGwUBMBWK","pdf",1032553,22,"English","# SECTION II: Chemistry\n## Directions for Questions 1–7\n## QUESTION 1: Lactic acid and sodium hydroxide (balanced equation and subparts a–e)\n## Chemistry reference equations and constants (atomic structure, equilibrium, kinetics, gases/solutions, thermodynamics/electrochemistry)","[{\"question\":\"What topics are covered in the AP Chemistry equations and constants provided in this packet?\",\"answer\":\"The packet lists reference formulas and symbols for atomic structure, equilibrium (Kc/Kp and pH-related relationships), kinetics rate laws and half-life, gases and solutions (ideal gas and molarity-related definitions), and thermodynamics/electrochemistry (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, and Ecell relationships).\"},{\"question\":\"How long are the questions in Section II, and how are they weighted?\",\"answer\":\"Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions requiring about 23 minutes each and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions requiring about 9 minutes each and are worth 4 points each.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main reaction studied in Question 1?\",\"answer\":\"Question 1 studies the reaction between lactic acid (C3H6O3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), shown in the balanced equation with products including the conjugate base and water.\"}]","AP® Chemistry Equations and Constants - 2024 Free-Response Questions | PDF",1790680808,55]