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Covers organelles including nucleus, rough and smooth ER, Golgi complex, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and vacuoles with their key structural features and functions. Reviews how membrane composition supports transport, then compares simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and vesicle-based processes such as endocytosis and exocytosis, ending with a pathway from rough ER to the Golgi and plasma membrane.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ap-biology-unit-2-the-cell/455969/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ap-biology-unit-2-the-cell/455969.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"aboduw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the nucleus responsible for in AP Bio Unit 2?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The nucleus stores genetic information (DNA), synthesizes RNA, and supports ribosome subunit assembly.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Simple diffusion is passive transport down the concentration gradient without a transport protein, while facilitated diffusion also moves down the gradient but requires a transport protein (channel vs carrier).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do endocytosis and exocytosis accomplish?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Endocytosis imports materials, including phagocytosis (cellular eating) and pinocytosis (cellular drinking), plus receptor-mediated uptake. Exocytosis exports materials.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},455969,1791130967,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747862266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","The Cell  \n@apbiopenguins  \nAP Biology students are penguins because they are Dressed for Success!  \nYou are now an AP Bio Penguin!  \nResource Reminders: Daily Review on IG stories  \n374 page Review Guide on Weebly  \nRecorded FRQ Fridays on YouTube  \n120+ Quizizz Games on Weebly  \nReview PowerPoints on Weebly  \nWeebly: [www.apbiopenguins.weebly.com](www.apbiopenguins.weebly.com)  \nToday’s Plan  \nCellular Organelles Membrane Transport Practice Questions  \nUnit 2 Q&A  \nNucleus  \nStructure:  \n• Double membrane (nuclear envelope)  \nwith pores Functions:  \n• Stores genetic information (DNA)  \n• Synthesis of RNA  \n• Ribosome subunit assembly  \nStructure: Rough ER  \n• Membrane studded with ribosomes attached to nuclear envelope  \nFunctions:  \n• Site of membrane-bound protein and secreted protein synthesis  \n• Cell compartmentalization  \n• Mechanical support  \n• Role in intracellular transport  \nSmooth ER Structure:  \n• Folded, tubelike structure  \n(cisternae) Functions:  \n• Detoxification  \n• Calcium Storage  \n• Lipid synthesis  \nCellular Organelles  \nStructure:  \n• Membrane-bound structure composed on flattened sacs (cisternae)  \nFunctions:  \n• Folding and chemical modification of synthesized proteins  \n• Packaging protein traffic  \nGolgi Complex  \nStructure:  \n• Composed of rRNA and protein  \n• Large & small subunits  \n• Types: bound or free (cytoplasmic)  \nFunctions:  \n• Protein synthesis Ribosomes  \nMitochondria  \nStructure:  \n• Double membrane  \n(outer: smooth; inner: highly folded) Functions:  \n• Site of oxidative phosphorylation (cristae/inner membrane)  \n• Site of Krebs Cycle (matrix)  \nCellular Organelles  \nStructure:  \n• Double outer membrane (thylakoid sac stacked: grana and fluid: stroma)  \nFunctions:  \n• Site of photosynthesis  \n• Thylakoid: Light Reactions  \n• Stroma: Calvin-Benson Cycle Chloroplast  \nMitochondria  \nStructure:  \n• Double membrane  \n(outer: smooth; inner: highly folded) Functions:  \n• Site of oxidative phosphorylation (cristae/inner membrane)  \n• Site of Krebs Cycle (matrix)  \nLysosome Structure:  \n• membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes  \nFunctions:  \n• Intracellular digestion (recycle cell organic materials & programmed cell death: apoptosis)  \nCellular Organelles  \nStructure:  \n• membrane-bound sac Functions:  \n• storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste products  \n• Central: water retention – turgor pressure  \n• Contractile: osmoregulation (protist)  \n• Food: phagocytosis, fuse with lysosome Vacuole  \nStructure:  \n• Double outer membrane (thylakoid sac stacked: grana and fluid: stroma)  \nFunctions:  \n• Site of photosynthesis  \n• Thylakoid: Light Reactions  \n• Stroma: Calvin-Benson Cycle Chloroplast  \nSurface Area: Volume  \nSmaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient  \nexchange of materials with the environment.  \nSimple Diffusion  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small, Nonpolar  \n• No transport protein needed  \n• Examples: CO2 , O2 , N2 , steroids  \n• Small amount of H2O leak through membrane  \nFacilitated Diffusion  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small Molecules  \n• Requires transport protein Channel vs. Carrier protein  \n• Example: water, Na+ , K+, Ca+  \nActive Transport  \n• Requires input of NRG  \n• Against concentration gradient  \n• Requires transport protein (carrier protein)  \n• Example: Na+ , K+, Ca+ , H+  \nMembrane Transport  \nPlasma Membrane Composed of:  \n• Phospholipids  \n• Membrane Proteins  \n• Glycolipids/Glycoproteins  \n• Cholesterol  \nSimple Diffusion  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small, Nonpolar  \n• No transport protein needed  \n• Examples: CO2 , O2 , N2 , steroids  \n• Small amount of H2O leak through membrane  \nFacilitated Diffusion  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small Molecules  \n• Requires transport protein Channel vs. Carrier protein  \n• Example: water, Na+ , K+, Ca+  \nAct","cbCairg4mRoQpc17","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairg4mRoQpc17","pdf",1618037,21,"English","# Today’s Plan\n## Cellular Organelles\n## Membrane Transport\n## Endocytosis and Exocytosis\n## ER to Golgi to Plasma Membrane Pathway","[{\"question\":\"What is the nucleus responsible for in AP Bio Unit 2?\",\"answer\":\"The nucleus stores genetic information (DNA), synthesizes RNA, and supports ribosome subunit assembly.\"},{\"question\":\"How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ?\",\"answer\":\"Simple diffusion is passive transport down the concentration gradient without a transport protein, while facilitated diffusion also moves down the gradient but requires a transport protein (channel vs carrier).\"},{\"question\":\"What do endocytosis and exocytosis accomplish?\",\"answer\":\"Endocytosis imports materials, including phagocytosis (cellular eating) and pinocytosis (cellular drinking), plus receptor-mediated uptake. Exocytosis exports materials.\"}]","AP Biology Unit 2 - The Cell | PDF",1790744814,53]