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The oxygen atom pulls most of the electrons in the water molecule toward it, giving it a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms a slightly positive charge. Molecules like water that have distinct regions of charge based on bond structure are called polar compounds. The charge structure of water also creates a unique shape, where the hydrogen molecules are concentrated on one side of the oxygen atom.  \nThe polar nature and shape of water molecules make them ideal for forming hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds that form between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule. In the case of water, this is between the electronegative oxygen of one molecule and the slightly positive hydrogen of another water molecule. The polar nature of water is important to lifefor many reasons. For one, it makes water  \na solvent to many other molecules. This means that many chemicals that are important to life are readily dissolved in water and can be distributed throughout an organism due to its movement.  \nWater also has properties of cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion occurs when molecules of the same kind tend to stick together. In water, this is due to hydrogen bond cohesion between water molecules. Cohesion causes surface tension, which is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink to minimize surface area. This is due to water molecules at the water-air surface interfacing and forming stronger hydrogen bonds with water molecules below, causing a shrinking of the space between them. Surface tension causes water droplets to form and allows solid matter to float atthe surface of water.  \nAdhesion, on the other hand, is the tendency of dissimilar molecules to be attracted to eachother. Adhesive forces can be strong between water and charged molecules and are responsible for capillary action, which is the movement of liquid through spaces on its own, sometimes in opposition to gravity. Capillary action is the result of adhesive forces between water and the surface it is touching, which draws the liquid towards it. Due to cohesive forces, the water also pulls more water molecules behind it. These properties of water are essential to all life on Earth. For example, in plants, capillary action is responsible for moving water from the roots up through the rest of the plant.  \nCarbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen comprise 99% of all living matter. Organic molecules, which include most molecules with carbon, are the basis of life on Earth.  \nCarbon has the unique chemical property of being able to form four bonds with other elements, making it an ideal","cbCailcCvqxSgKfb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailcCvqxSgKfb","pdf",1937494,69,"English","# Key Exam Details\n## Course Content Categories\n# Chemistry of Life\n## Water and the Elements of Life\n## The Makeup and Properties of Macromolecules","[{\"question\":\"How is the AP Biology exam structured?\",\"answer\":\"The AP Biology exam is a 3-hour end-of-course test with 60 multiple-choice questions and 6 free-response questions. The multiple-choice section accounts for 50% of the score, and the free-response section accounts for the other 50%.\"},{\"question\":\"What major topics are covered in AP Biology and how are they weighted?\",\"answer\":\"The guide lists eight course content categories and gives approximate percentage ranges of the number of test questions for each, such as Chemistry of Life, Cell Structure and Function, Cellular Energetics, and Natural Selection.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does water play in life according to the guide?\",\"answer\":\"Water is described as polar and able to form hydrogen bonds, making it an effective solvent and supporting properties like cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion. The guide also explains how these properties enable capillary action in plants.\"}]","AP Biology - Study Guide | PDF",174]