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The document explains the biological context of sodium channel mutations at amino acid position 1014 and provides experimental setup details using regions A and B, two pyrethroid insecticides (deltamethrin and permethrin), and untreated filter paper controls. It outlines how to score responses for parts (a) through (d), including identifying causes of amino acid substitution, dependent variables and controls, evolutionary fitness and susceptibility trends across time, allele frequency calculations, and evidence supporting resistance arising from immigration of resistant mosquitoes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ap-biology-scoring-guidelines-question-1/344091/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ap-biology-scoring-guidelines-question-1/344091.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main experimental question in AP Biology Question 1?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It investigates whether a mutation in the sodium channel protein (amino acid position 1014) is responsible for pyrethroid resistance and how susceptibility changes across regions over time.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which variable is graphed in Figure 2 and what is the positive control?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The dependent variable is percent mortality (susceptibility), and the positive control is exposure to untreated filter paper showing low mortality for susceptible mosquitoes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How can a single amino acid substitution lead to pyrethroid resistance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The substitution can change the shape of the sodium channel so pyrethroids can no longer bind effectively or interfere with channel function.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},344091,1790713187,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","AP BIOLOGY  \nScoring Guidelines  \nQuestion 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results  \nIn many countries, Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting the parasite that causes malaria to people through their bites. A primary tool for mosquito control is the use of insecticidal nets sprayed with chemicals known aspyrethroids, which are relatively safe for people but toxic to mosquitoes. However, mosquito resistance to pyrethroids has now become widespread. Pyrethroids interfere with the function of a transmembrane sodium channel found in cells of the mosquitoes (Figure 1). In one common mutation to the channel protein, a phenylalanine is substituted for a leucine at amino acid position 1014. Scientists hypothesize that this mutation is responsible for some cases of pyrethroid resistance.  \n1014  \nI II III IV  \nH3N COO–  \nPlasma Membrane  \nFigure 1. Schematic drawing of the transmembrane sodium channel targeted by pyrethroids and  \nother insecticides. The arrow points to the position of amino acid 1014.  \nTo investigate pyrethroid resistance, mosquitoes were collected four times over a two-year period from the following two regions.  \nl Region A: a southern vegetable-growing region where large amounts of insecticide are applied for crop protection  \nl Region B: a northern rice-growing region where very little insecticide is applied for rice protection  \nScientists exposed the collected mosquitoes to filter papers soaked in two different pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and permethrin, and the percent mortality of the mosquitoes was determined after 24 hours (Figure 2). The scientists simultaneously determined whether leucine or phenylalanine was encoded at position 1014 by each of the two copies of the sodium channel gene (Table 1).  \nPermethrin Deltamethrin  \nREGION A  \n0 20 40 60 80 100  \n0 20 40 60 80 100  \nPercent Mortality Percent Mortality  \nFigure 2. Susceptibility of A. gambiae mosquitoes from two regions to the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin. A mosquito strain that is susceptible to the insecticides displayed at least 95% mortality in all experiments, and mosquitoes exposed to untreated filter paper displayed less than 10% mortality. Error bars represent standard deviation.“ND” means no data are available.  \nAP Biology Course and Exam Description | SG 1  \nTable 1. Frequencies of leucine and phenylalanine at position 1014 of the sodium channel  \n\n| Region Date\u003Cbr>Total Mosquitoes\u003Cbr>Tested\u003Cbr>Homozygous for Leucine\u003Cbr>Heterozygous for Leucine and Phenylalanine\u003Cbr>Homozygous for Phenylalanine |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | October\u003Cbr>2008 | 39 | 3 | 5 | 31 |\n| A | June 2009 | 29 | - | 5 | 24 |\n| A | October\u003Cbr>2009 | 28 | - | 1 | 27 |\n| A | June 2010 | 46 | - | 9 | 37 |\n| B | October\u003Cbr>2008 | 27 | 20 | 5 | 2 |\n| B | June 2009 | 26 | 18 | 7 | 1 |\n| B | October\u003Cbr>2009 | 34 | 20 | 8 | 6 |\n| B | June 2010 | 44 | 12 | 20 | 12 |\n\n(a) Describe the most likely cause of the amino acid substitution in the sodium channel protein. Explain how the substitution of a single amino acid in the channel protein could cause pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes.  \n(b) Identify the dependent variable in the experiment whose data are graphed in Figure 2. Identify the positive control in the experiment. Justify exposing some mosquitoes to untreated filter paper each time the experiment was performed.  \n(c) Based on the data in Figure 2, describe whether mosquitoes from region A or from region B are more likely to exhibit greater evolutionary fitness if exposed to permethrin in their native environment over the time period of the experiment. Based on the data in Figure 2, describe any significant change in the susceptibility of mosquitoes from region B to each of the two insecticides over the two-year period. Use the data in Table 1 to calculate the frequency of the allele coding for phenylalanine in each population of mosquitoes in October 2008. Round your answers to two dec","cbCaiaRCmzi0jak7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaRCmzi0jak7","pdf",241910,"English","# Question 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results\n## Experimental context and design\n## Parts (a) to (d) scoring objectives\n## Figure 1 and Figure 2 interpretation\n## Table 1 allele and genotype frequencies","[{\"question\":\"What is the main experimental question in AP Biology Question 1?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates whether a mutation in the sodium channel protein (amino acid position 1014) is responsible for pyrethroid resistance and how susceptibility changes across regions over time.\"},{\"question\":\"Which variable is graphed in Figure 2 and what is the positive control?\",\"answer\":\"The dependent variable is percent mortality (susceptibility), and the positive control is exposure to untreated filter paper showing low mortality for susceptible mosquitoes.\"},{\"question\":\"How can a single amino acid substitution lead to pyrethroid resistance?\",\"answer\":\"The substitution can change the shape of the sodium channel so pyrethroids can no longer bind effectively or interfere with channel function.\"}]","AP Biology - Scoring Guidelines - Question 1 | PDF",1790052995,15]