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The content covers nucleus, rough and smooth ER, Golgi complex, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, vacuoles, and chloroplasts, including major structural features and core functions such as protein synthesis, intracellular transport, digestion, energy processes, photosynthesis, and transport roles. 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It stores genetic information (DNA), synthesizes RNA, and supports ribosome subunit assembly.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport differ?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Simple diffusion is passive and moves down a concentration gradient without a transport protein (for small, nonpolar molecules like CO2 and O2). Facilitated diffusion is passive but requires transport proteins (channels or carriers). Active transport requires energy (NRG) and moves against the concentration gradient using transport proteins.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions cause during osmosis?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Hypertonic solutions have high solute and low free water, so cells lose water. Isotonic solutions have equal solute and equal free water, so water movement is equal in and out. 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You are now an AP Bio  \nPenguin!  \nToday’s Plan  \nToday’s Plan:  \nCellular Organelles Surface Area : Volume  \nMembrane Transport Practice Questions  \nUnit 2 Q&A  \nSpecial Thank You to  \nMrs. McClinton  \n(Chat Q&A)  \nNucleus  \nStructure:  \n• Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores  \nFunctions:  \n• Stores genetic information (DNA)  \n• Synthesis of RNA  \n• Ribosome subunit assembly  \nRough ER  \nStructure:  \n• Membrane studded with ribosomes  \nattached to nuclear envelope Functions:  \n• Site of membrane-bound protein and secreted protein synthesis  \n• Cell compartmentalization  \n• Mechanical support  \n• Role in intracellular transport  \nSmooth ER  \nStructure:  \n• Folded, tubelike structure (cisternae)  \nFunctions:  \n• Detoxification  \n• Calcium Storage  \n• Lipid synthesis  \nCellular Organelles  \nStructure:  \n• Membrane-bound structure composed on flattened sacs (cisternae)  \nFunctions:  \n• Folding and chemical modification of synthesized proteins  \n• Packaging protein traffic  \nGolgi Complex  \nStructure:  \n• Composed of rRNA and protein  \n• Large & small subunits  \n• Types: bound or free (cytoplasmic) Functions:  \n• Protein synthesis  \nRibosomes  \nMitochondria  \nStructure:  \n• Double membrane  \n(outer: smooth; inner: highly folded) Functions:  \n• Site of oxidative phosphorylation (cristae/inner membrane)  \n• Site of Krebs Cycle (matrix)  \nCellular Organelles  \nStructure:  \n• Double outer membrane (thylakoid sac stacked: grana and fluid: stroma)  \nFunctions:  \n• Site of photosynthesis  \n• Thylakoid: Light Reactions  \n• Stroma: Calvin-Benson Cycle  \nChloroplast  \nMitochondria  \nStructure:  \n• Double membrane  \n(outer: smooth; inner: highly folded) Functions:  \n• Site of oxidative phosphorylation (cristae/inner membrane)  \n• Site of Krebs Cycle (matrix)  \nLysosome  \nStructure:  \n• membrane-enclosed sacs that contain  \nhydrolytic enzymes Functions:  \n• Intracellular digestion (recycle cell organic materials & programmed cell death: apoptosis)  \nCellular Organelles  \nStructure:  \n• membrane-bound sac Functions:  \n• storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste products  \n• Central: water retention – turgor pressure  \n• Contractile: osmoregulation (protist)  \n• Food: phagocytosis, fuse with lysosome  \nVacuole  \nStructure:  \n• Double outer membrane (thylakoid sac stacked: grana and fluid: stroma)  \nFunctions:  \n• Site of photosynthesis  \n• Thylakoid: Light Reactions  \n• Stroma: Calvin-Benson Cycle  \nChloroplast  \nSurface Area: Volume  \nSmaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment .  \nSimple Diffusion  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small, Nonpolar  \n• No transport protein needed  \n• Examples: CO2, O2, N2, steroids  \n• Small amount of H2O leak through membrane  \nFacilitated Diffusion Active Transport  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small Molecules  \n• Requires transport protein Channel vs. Carrier protein  \n• Example: water, Na+, K+, Ca+  \n• Requires input of NRG  \n• Against concentration gradient  \n• Requires transport protein (carrier protein)  \n• Example: Na+, K+, Ca+, H+  \nMembrane Transport  \nPlasma Membrane  \nComposed of:  \n• Phospholipids  \n• Membrane Proteins  \n• Glycolipids/Glycoproteins  \n• Cholesterol  \nSimple Diffusion  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small, Nonpolar  \n• No transport protein needed  \n• Examples: CO2, O2, N2, steroids  \n• Small amount of H2O leak through membrane  \nFacilitated Diffusion Active Transport  \n• Passive Transport, No NRG  \n• Down concentration gradient  \n• Small Molecules  \n• Requires transport protein Channel vs. Carrier protein  \n• Example: water, Na+, K+, Ca+  \n• Requires input of NRG  \n• Against concentration gradient  \n• R","cbCaim0m19tyBcde","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim0m19tyBcde","pdf",3392061,16,"English","# Today’s Plan\n## Cellular Organelles: Surface Area vs Volume\n## Membrane Transport Practice Questions\n## Unit 2 Q&A\n## Nucleus\n## Rough ER\n## Smooth ER\n## Golgi Complex\n## Ribosomes and Mitochondria\n## Lysosome and Vacuole\n## Chloroplast\n## Surface Area: Volume\n## Simple Diffusion vs Facilitated Diffusion vs Active Transport\n## Membrane Transport\n## Endocytosis and Exocytosis\n## Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Solutions: Osmosis","[{\"question\":\"What is the nucleus’s structure and function in AP Biology Unit 2?\",\"answer\":\"The nucleus has a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores. It stores genetic information (DNA), synthesizes RNA, and supports ribosome subunit assembly.\"},{\"question\":\"How do simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport differ?\",\"answer\":\"Simple diffusion is passive and moves down a concentration gradient without a transport protein (for small, nonpolar molecules like CO2 and O2). Facilitated diffusion is passive but requires transport proteins (channels or carriers). Active transport requires energy (NRG) and moves against the concentration gradient using transport proteins.\"},{\"question\":\"What do hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions cause during osmosis?\",\"answer\":\"Hypertonic solutions have high solute and low free water, so cells lose water. Isotonic solutions have equal solute and equal free water, so water movement is equal in and out. Hypotonic solutions have low solute and high free water, so cells gain water.\"}]","AP Biology Insta-Review Unit 2 - Cell Structure and Function - Review | PDF",1790707461]