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If you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. Here is a sample question and answer.  \n'PS RVFTUJPOT 􀀒􀀓􀀒 UISPVHI 􀀒􀀓􀀖􀀍 GPMMPX UIF JOTUSVDUJPOT BGUFS RVFTUJPO 􀀖􀀔 UP FOUFS ZPVS OVNFSJD BOTXFST􀀏 8SJUF ZPVS OVNFSJD BOTXFS JO UIF CPYFT BU UIF UPQ PGUIF HSJE BOE GJMM JOUIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH DJSDMFT GPS RVFTUJPOT 􀀒􀀓􀀒 UISPVHI 􀀒􀀓􀀖􀀏  \nUse your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back to the ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone will know the answers to all of the multiple-choice questions.  \nYour total score on Section I is based only on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are not deducted for incorrect answers or unanswered questions.  \nForm I Form Code 4MBP4-S  \n20  \nAP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS  \n\n| Mean\u003Cbr>~~x~~ = 1~~n ~~ Âi 1 xi |  | Statistical Analysis and Probability\u003Cbr>Standard Deviation\u003Cbr>s =\u003Cbr>Â (xi -x)2 n-1\u003Cbr>|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ~~x~~ = sample mean n = size of the sample\u003Cbr>s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population)\u003Cbr>o = observed results e = expected results\u003Cbr>Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Standard Error of the Mean\u003Cbr>SE~~x~~ = ~~ ~~sn |  |  |  |  | Chi-Square\u003Cbr>c 2 = Â ~~ ~~(o~~ ~~~~ ~~e)2~~ ~~ |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Chi-Square Table |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| p\u003Cbr>value | Degrees of Freedom |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |  |  |\n| 0.05 | 3.84 | 5.99 | 7.82 | 9.49 | 11.07 | 12.59 | 14.07 | 15.51 |  |  |\n| 0.01 | 6.64 | 9.21 | 11.34 | 13.28 | 15.09 | 16.81 | 18.48 | 20.09 |  |  |\n| Laws of Probability\u003Cbr>If A and B are mutually exclusive, then:\u003Cbr>P (A or B) = P(A) + P (B) If A and B are independent, then:\u003Cbr>P (A and B) = P (A) ¥ P (B)\u003Cbr>Hardy-Weinberg Equations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Metric Prefixes\u003Cbr>Factor  Prefix  Symbol\u003Cbr>109 giga G\u003Cbr>106 mega M\u003Cbr>103 kilo k 10–2 centi c 10–3 milli m 10–6 micro μ 10–9 nano n 10–12 pico p |\n| p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p + q = 1 |  |  | p = frequency of the dominant allele in a population\u003Cbr>q = frequency of the recessive allele in a population |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set\u003Cbr>Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set\u003Cbr>Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points\u003Cbr>Range = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n\n\n| Rate and Growth Rate\u003Cbr>dY\u003Cbr>dt\u003Cbr>Population Growth\u003Cbr>dN\u003Cbr>dt = B-D\u003Cbr>Exponential Growth\u003Cbr>dN\u003Cbr>dt = rmaxN\u003Cbr>Logistic Growth\u003Cbr>dN~~d~~t~~ ~~ = rmaxN (~~ ~~K~~ ~~K-N)\u003C","cbCaihoWhIDetgVp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihoWhIDetgVp","pdf",4124818,87,"English","# At a Glance\n## Instructions\n## Scoring and Answer Sheet Rules\n## AP Biology Equations and Formulas\n## Statistical Analysis and Probability\n## Laws of Probability and Hardy-Weinberg Equations\n## Growth Rate and Rate Models\n## Water Potential and Solute Potential\n## Temperature Coefficient Q10\n## Productivity Calculation\n## Surface Area and Volume\n## Dilution\n## Gibbs Free Energy","[{\"question\":\"How should answers be marked for Section I?\",\"answer\":\"Provide one answer per question. If an answer is changed, erase the previous mark completely.\"},{\"question\":\"What guidance is given for managing time during the exam?\",\"answer\":\"Use time effectively, answer as quickly as possible without losing accuracy, avoid spending too long on one question, and return to unanswered questions if time remains.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the Section I score depend on?\",\"answer\":\"Section I total score is based only on the number of questions answered correctly; points are not deducted for incorrect or unanswered questions.\"}]","AP Biology Exam - Section I - 2016 | PDF",1789900657,219]