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Data are provided via figures on percent mortality after exposure to deltamethrin and permethrin and a table of genotype frequencies across regions and dates, prompting causal explanations and experimental 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mutation is investigated as a possible cause of pyrethroid resistance?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Scientists focus on a substitution at amino acid position 1014 in the mosquito sodium channel, where phenylalanine may replace leucine.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What do Figure 2 data represent in the experiment?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Figure 2 shows percent mortality after 24 hours for mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin or permethrin, comparing mosquitoes from two regions.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How is the allele frequency for phenylalanine at position 1014 determined from Table 1?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Using the genotype counts in Table 1, the phenylalanine-coding allele frequency is calculated from homozygous phenylalanine plus half of the heterozygous individuals for each population, then rounded to two 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\nTime allotted: 25 minutes (plus 5 minutes to submit)  \nIn many countries, Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting the parasite that causes malaria to people through their bites. A primary tool for mosquito control is the use of insecticidal nets sprayed with chemicals known aspyrethroids, which are relatively safe for people but toxic to mosquitoes. However, mosquito resistance to pyrethroids has now become widespread. Pyrethroids interfere with the function of a transmembrane sodium channel found in cells of the mosquitoes (Figure 1). In one common mutation to the channel protein, a phenylalanine is substituted for a leucine at amino acid position 1014. Scientists hypothesize that this mutation is responsible for some cases of pyrethroid resistance.  \nFigure 1. Schematic drawing of the transmembrane sodium channel targeted by pyrethroids and other insecticides. The arrow points to the position of amino acid 1014.  \nTo investigate pyrethroid resistance, mosquitoes were collected four times over a two-year period from the following two regions.  \n• Region A: a southern vegetable-growing region where large amounts of insecticide are applied for crop protection  \n• Region B: a northern rice-growing region where very little insecticide is applied for rice protection  \nAP Biology 2020 Exam | Sample Questions 2  \nScientists exposed the collected mosquitoes to filter papers soaked in two different pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and permethrin, and the percent mortality of the mosquitoes was determined after 24 hours (Figure 2) . The scientists simultaneously determined whether leucine or phenylalanine was encoded at position 1014 by each of the two copies of the sodium channel gene (Table 1) .  \nFigure 2. Susceptibility of A. gambiae mosquitoes from two regions to the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin. A mosquito strain that is susceptible to the insecticides displayed at least 95% mortality in all experiments, and mosquitoes exposed to untreated filter paper displayed less than 10% mortality. Error bars represent standard deviation.“ND” means no data are available.  \nAP Biology 2020 Exam | Sample Questions 3  \nTable 1. Frequencies of leucine and phenylalanine at position 1014 of the sodium channel  \nRegion Date  \nTotal Mosquitoes Tested  \nHomozygous for  \nLeucine  \nHeterozygous for Leucine and Phenylalanine  \nHomozygous for Phenylalanine  \n\n| A | October 2008 | 39 | 3 | 5 | 31 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | June 2009 | 29 | - | 5 | 24 |\n| A | October 2009 | 28 | - | 1 | 27 |\n| A | June 2010 | 46 | - | 9 | 37 |\n| B | October 2008 | 27 | 20 | 5 | 2 |\n| B | June 2009 | 26 | 18 | 7 | 1 |\n| B | October 2009 | 34 | 20 | 8 | 6 |\n| B | June 2010 | 44 | 12 | 20 | 12 |\n\n(a) Describe the most likely cause of the amino acid substitution in the sodium channel protein.  \n(b) Explain how the substitution of a single amino acid in the channel protein could cause pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes.  \n(c) Identify the dependent variable in the experiment whose data are graphed in Figure 2.  \n(d) Identify the positive control in the experiment.  \n(e) Justify exposing some mosquitoes to untreated filter paper each time the experiment was performed.  \n(f) Based on the data in Figure 2, describe whether mosquitoes from region A or from region B are more likely to exhibit greater evolutionary fitness if exposed to permethrin in their native environment over the time period of the experiment.  \n(g) Based on the data in Figure 2, describe any significant change in the susceptibility of mosquitoes from region B to each of the two insecticides over the two-year period.  \n(h) Use the data in Table 1 to calculate the frequency of the allele coding for phenylalanine in each population of mosquitoes in October 2008. Round your answers to two decimal places.  \n(i) Using mosquitoes from insecticid","cbCairOnViZQL3a2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairOnViZQL3a2","pdf",728943,"English","# Sample Question 1\n## Scenario and background\n## Experimental setup and controls\n## Data interpretation: Figures and Table 1\n## Short-answer prompts (a-j)","[{\"question\":\"What mutation is investigated as a possible cause of pyrethroid resistance?\",\"answer\":\"Scientists focus on a substitution at amino acid position 1014 in the mosquito sodium channel, where phenylalanine may replace leucine.\"},{\"question\":\"What do Figure 2 data represent in the experiment?\",\"answer\":\"Figure 2 shows percent mortality after 24 hours for mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin or permethrin, comparing mosquitoes from two regions.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the allele frequency for phenylalanine at position 1014 determined from Table 1?\",\"answer\":\"Using the genotype counts in Table 1, the phenylalanine-coding allele frequency is calculated from homozygous phenylalanine plus half of the heterozygous individuals for each population, then rounded to two decimals.\"}]","AP Biology 2020 Exam - Sample Questions - Question 1 | PDF",1790666440,13]