[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-639534-105":59,"doc-detail-639534-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","anti-government-extremism-a-new-threat-conference-publication","Anti-Government Extremism: A New Threat? - Conference Publication","","Anti-government extremism (AGE) is presented as an emerging challenge to democracy and political processes, yet it covers a broad set of phenomena, ideas, and actions. The paper explains how AGE often flourishes amid crises, distrust in government, and disputed policies or elections, while remaining difficult to classify as “extremist” versus legitimate dissent. It outlines organizational forms, conspiracy theories, collective action, and violence, noting ideological diversity among participants and tracing modern revolutionary and left-wing trajectories before discussing a shift toward the far right.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/anti-government-extremism-a-new-threat-conference-publication/639534/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/anti-government-extremism-a-new-threat-conference-publication/639534.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why is anti-government extremism difficult to define in clear categories?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"The term AGE is used for a wide range of movements, ideas, and actions. Manifestations may be extremist rather than legitimate political dissent, and they often do not fit easily into traditional boxes such as extreme right, REMVE, or extreme left.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What conditions help anti-government extremism thrive?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"AGE tends to grow during times of crisis and distrust in government, especially when political issues and controversial government policies are contested, including measures related to controlling Covid-19 and contested presidential elections.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How does the paper describe the ideological background of participants?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Participants in an AGE event can come from very different political and ideological backgrounds, including far-right actors, conspiracy theorists, anti-vaxx groups, alternative/New Age movements, religious groups, and even participants from the far left.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},639534,1792704100,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":142},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Anti-Government Extremism: A New Threat?  \nCONFERENCE PUBLICATION  \n\n| DATE\u003Cbr>14-15/03/2023 | AUTHORS\u003Cbr>Tore Bjørgo |\n| --- | --- |\n\nDuring the last few years, intelligence and security agencies have pointed to ‘antigovernment extremism’ (AGE) as an emerging threat to democracy, political processes, institutions and elected politicians. However, this term is used to refer to a rather wide range of phenomena, movements, ideas and actions. The general notion is that it refers to movements or ideas over which the government does not have a legitimate basis to exercise power.  \nThese movements thrive in times of crisis and distrust in government as well as controversial governmental policies and issues. Such issues have been, for instance, the introduction of invasive restrictions to control Covid-19 and contested presidential elections in the United States of America and Brazil. Some movements and demonstrations appear to be mainly issue-oriented. But quite often these events are hijacked by movements that reject the legitimacy of state sovereignty as a matter of ideological principle, and try to turn the demonstration into violence and even insurgency.  \nHowever, it is not always clear what makes such manifestations extremist rather than just legitimate expressions of political dissent. Moreover, it is not easy to categorise these movements or actions in our traditional boxes, such as extreme right, racially or ethnically motivated violent extremism (REMVE) or extreme left. Participants in a specific AGE event may come from very different political and ideological backgrounds:  \nfar-right, conspiracy theorists, anti-vaxx, alternative or New Age movement, religious groups and even from the far left. This paper contributes to a discussion on these issues and provides a better grasp on a slippery concept and phenomenon.  \nAnti-government extremism finds different expressions in terms of organisational formations, conspiracy theories, collective action, and violence and threats against politicians and government representatives. These different expressions are loosely connected or combined.  \nOne: Movements  \nOne form of AGE is movements, networks and individuals that reject the legitimacy of the government as a matter of principle and refuse to obey or submit to any authorities and regulations. The earliest modern manifestation of this started on the far left with the anarchist movement that emerged during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century and that rejected the legitimacy of state authority. In recent decades, the most influential anti-government movements have been affiliated with the far right rather than with the far left. Thus, anti-government extremism is nothing new, and it may have very different ideological roots. These movements vary considerably in whether they reject all forms of state authority, or whether they only oppose specific governments or policies.  \nThe first wave of modern revolutionary terrorism started around 1880 with anarchist movements in Russia. Their strategy of ‘propaganda by the deed’ was selectively targeting individuals they considered to be embodiments of the autocratic, oppressive state. They attacked the tzar, senior government officials and other prominent  \nrepresentatives of state power. Although many anarchists were opposed to violence, a string of anarchist militant groups and lone actors were behind the first wave of modern terrorism, lasting from the late 1870s until around 1920. During this period, anarchists were behind assassinations of Russian tzar Alexander II (1881), the Empress of Austria-Hungary (1898), the King of Italy (1900), American president Willian McKinley (1901), two prime ministers of Spain (1897 and 1912) and other representatives of state authority, as well as several less selective bombing attacks, killing civilians. The anarchist terrorist campaign peaked during the 1890s, often fed by sensationalist news media and brutal overreactions b","cbCaioWyeUgI6A6m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioWyeUgI6A6m","pdf",381872,"English","# During the last few years: AGE as a threat\n## Scope and definition challenges\n# Expressions and ideological diversity\n## Movements, networks, and individuals\n## Revolutionary terrorism traditions\n## “New Left” terrorism and Antifa subcultures\n# Turning toward the far right","[{\"question\":\"Why is anti-government extremism difficult to define in clear categories?\",\"answer\":\"The term AGE is used for a wide range of movements, ideas, and actions. Manifestations may be extremist rather than legitimate political dissent, and they often do not fit easily into traditional boxes such as extreme right, REMVE, or extreme left.\"},{\"question\":\"What conditions help anti-government extremism thrive?\",\"answer\":\"AGE tends to grow during times of crisis and distrust in government, especially when political issues and controversial government policies are contested, including measures related to controlling Covid-19 and contested presidential elections.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper describe the ideological background of participants?\",\"answer\":\"Participants in an AGE event can come from very different political and ideological backgrounds, including far-right actors, conspiracy theorists, anti-vaxx groups, alternative/New Age movements, religious groups, and even participants from the far left.\"}]","Anti-Government Extremism: A New Threat? - Conference Publication | PDF",18]