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The review examines epidemiology and genetic determinants, linking the disease to tobacco use, smoking, air pollution, indoor smoke, and infectious influences such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It summarizes evidence on tumor-suppressor gene mutations and expression changes, including P16, P53, CDH1, LUNX, and RASSF1A, and evaluates how anthracosis may relate to multiple cancer types.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/anthracosis-epidemiology-gene-and-cancer-an-updated-mini-review/337090/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/anthracosis-epidemiology-gene-and-cancer-an-updated-mini-review/337090.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is anthracosis and how does it develop?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Anthracosis is a pneumoconiosis caused by prolonged carbon exposure, leading to deposition of carbon particles and related substances with dark pigmentation in the tracheobronchial tissues and macrophages. The amount deposited depends on surrounding soot exposure and the lungs’ ability to clear it.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which factors and exposures are associated with anthracosis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Studies summarized in the review associate anthracosis with tobacco and smoking, air pollution, indoor smoke, occupational exposure to coal dust and other carbon-related materials, and pulmonary tuberculosis. Some evidence also shows anthracosis can occur without clear occupational exposure or smoking.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the review link anthracosis to cancer and what genetic elements are discussed?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review concludes that people with anthracosis are more susceptible to pulmonary adenocarcinoma, hepatic nodules, renal cell carcinoma, and esophageal cancer. It discusses tumor-suppressor gene mutations (e.g., P16 and P53) and altered expression of genes such as P16, CDH1, LUNX, and RASSF1A.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},337090,1790112976,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","Review Article  \nSahar Defaee (MD) 1  \nFatemeh Khajavi-Mayvan 2  \nMohammadHosein Sheybani-Arani 2 Minoo Montazeri 3  \nElham Barahimi (MD) 1 Ali Salimi Asl 2*  \n1. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran  \n2. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran  \n3. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran  \n* Correspondence: Ali Salimi Asl, Student Research  \nCommittee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran  \nE-mail: [shervin7717@gmail.com](shervin7717@gmail.com)  \n[Tel:](Tel:) +98 76 33333280  \nReceived: 1 April 2023  \nRevised: 14 Dec 2023  \nAccepted: 31 Dec 2023  \nPublished: ? ? 2024  \nCaspian Journal of Internal Medicine 2025 (Winter); 16(1): 20-27  \nDOI: 10.22088/cjim.16.1.20  \nAnthracosis, epidemiology, gene and cancer: An updated mini-review  \nAbstract  \nBackground: It is believed that anthracosis is one of the most important occupational diseases, mainly seen in the residents of industrial areas and coal mine workers. This bronchial disease is more common in Asia's rural areas, particularly in the Middle East. In this study, we examined the epidemiology and genetic factors affecting this disease and its relationship with different types of cancer.  \nMethods: In this review article, we searched four databases (Pubmed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase and Scopus) up to June 3, 2022, for published articles on anthracosis, epidemiology, gene, and cancer. Non-published studies, studies not published in indexed journals or without peer review, and studies not available in English were all excluded.  \nResults: The relationship between this disease and tobacco, smoking, air pollution, mycobacterium tuberculosis, gender, and indoor smoke was researched, and its prevalence was cited. Mutations in tumour suppressor genes such as P16 and P53 and expression levels of P16, CDH1, LUNX and RASSF1A genes were researched. Finally, this article discussed the relationship between anthracosis and cancers.  \nConclusions: According to the studied literature, antracotic people are more susceptible to pulmonary adenocarcinoma, hepatic nodules, renal cell carcinoma, and esophageal cancer.  \nKeywords: Anthracofibrosis, Anthracosis, Carcinoma, Environmental factors, Genetic.  \nCitation:  \nDefaee S, Khajavi-Mayvan F, Sheybani-Arani MH, et al. Anthracosis, epidemiology, gene and cancer: An updated mini-review. Caspian J Intern Med 2025; 16(1): 20-27.  \nAnthracosis is a kind of pneumoconiosis, mainly a pulmonary disease due to prolonged exposure to carbon (1). This term was first used by coal miners (2, 3) . It is an archaic disease discovered in mummies (4). Anthracosis is developed by carbon particle deposits, iron, lead, cadmium, silica, phenol, hydrocarbon complexes, and substances that cause dark pigmentation of the tracheobronchial involving both mucosal and submucosal layers and lung parenchyma, or black pigmentation in macrophages (1, 4) . These black pigments are also found as black lesions in the bronchi of coal miners, workers in certain industries, and city dwellers (5) . The amount deposited depends on the exposure to soot in the surrounding atmosphere and, theoretically, on the limited capability of the lungs to remove it. Anthracotic pigment in the lung shows the total of environmental exposures. Therefore, age is a determining factor in this illness (6) .  \nThe prevalence of anthracosis in Iran and South Korea was reported as 21.8% and 3 %, respectively (7-9). Cough, dyspnea, phlegm, and wheezing can be symptoms (4, 10) . The disease, which has symptoms similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is mostly seen in industrial areas, coal mine workers, and those who work with graphite compounds, carbon black, and electrodes (7) . Pulmonary anthracosis has long been associated","cbCaihue1OzzgMT6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihue1OzzgMT6","pdf",289350,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Main content\n## Definition and historical notes\n## Clinical features and populations at risk\n## Epidemiology across regions\n## Links with air pollution and smoking\n## Relationship with pulmonary tuberculosis\n## Proposed hypotheses and genetic insights","[{\"question\":\"What is anthracosis and how does it develop?\",\"answer\":\"Anthracosis is a pneumoconiosis caused by prolonged carbon exposure, leading to deposition of carbon particles and related substances with dark pigmentation in the tracheobronchial tissues and macrophages. The amount deposited depends on surrounding soot exposure and the lungs’ ability to clear it.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors and exposures are associated with anthracosis?\",\"answer\":\"Studies summarized in the review associate anthracosis with tobacco and smoking, air pollution, indoor smoke, occupational exposure to coal dust and other carbon-related materials, and pulmonary tuberculosis. Some evidence also shows anthracosis can occur without clear occupational exposure or smoking.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review link anthracosis to cancer and what genetic elements are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The review concludes that people with anthracosis are more susceptible to pulmonary adenocarcinoma, hepatic nodules, renal cell carcinoma, and esophageal cancer. It discusses tumor-suppressor gene mutations (e.g., P16 and P53) and altered expression of genes such as P16, CDH1, LUNX, and RASSF1A.\"}]","Anthracosis, epidemiology, gene and cancer: An updated mini-review | PDF",1790017658]