[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-203936-105":59,"doc-detail-203936-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","antecedents-of-computer-based-testing-cbt-anxiety-and-performance","Antecedents of Computer-based Testing (CBT) Anxiety and Performance","","As computer-based testing (CBT) expands across educational institutions and organizations, administrators seek to capture its benefits while limiting negative effects. Prior research links general test anxiety to performance, but the role of CBT-specific anxiety remains insufficiently understood. This study analyzes undergraduate students’ test performance using different test designs and identifies navigation design as a key factor shaping perceived behavioral control, which then influences CBT anxiety alongside CBT playfulness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/antecedents-of-computer-based-testing-cbt-anxiety-and-performance/203936/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/antecedents-of-computer-based-testing-cbt-anxiety-and-performance/203936.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sarah ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-10","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does navigational design affect CBT anxiety?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Navigational design significantly impacts perceived behavioral control, which in turn influences CBT anxiety along with CBT playfulness.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why can CBT produce more anxiety than paper-based testing?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"CBT can be rigid and less aligned with learners’ needs, and it also introduces issues such as reliance on fast internet, network delays, and less straightforward revision and error checking.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What role does playfulness play in CBT-related outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Playfulness traits can reduce CBT anxiety and support test-taker confidence and engagement, which can help performance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},203936,1788565217,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962085320529,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Antecedents of Computer-based Testing (CBT) Anxiety and Performance  \nWill Lewis  \n[wlewis2@ilstu.edu](wlewis2@ilstu.edu)  \nPruthikrai Mahatanankoon  \n[pmahata@ilstu.edu](pmahata@ilstu.edu)  \nDean Plumadore  \n[depluma@ilstu.edu](depluma@ilstu.edu)  \nSchool of Information Technology  \nIllinois State University  \nNormal, IL 61761, USA  \nAbstract  \nAs the use of computer-based testing (CBT) in educational institutions and organizations continues to expand, managers and administrators search for ways to leverage the benefits of the technology, while minimizing its negative impacts. Prior studies have demonstrated a link between general test anxiety and test performance, yet little is known about how CBT anxiety is impacted by individual technology use characteristics and test design. In this study, we examine the test performance of undergraduate students (n = 73, n = 86) using different test designs. Our analysis reveals that the navigational design of a computer-based test has a significant impact on perceived behavioral control (PBC), which in turn – along with CBT playfulness -- affects CBT anxiety. Our results can help users of CBT technology develop a richer understanding of the process and avoid confounding factors that can negatively impact test-taker performance.  \nKeywords: Anxiety, Computer-based testing (CBT), Perceived Behavioral Control, Playfulness, Performance  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nComputer-based testing (CBT) is not only a necessary tool for educators, but it is also one of the most widely accepted assessment methods across a variety of organizations. CBT is costeffective, convenient, and easily tailored to a variety of testing scenarios. It is one of the major functionalities of any learning management system, including countless e-learning and massive open online course (MOOC) platforms. Advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) promote worldwide acceptance of CBT by educators, testing facilities, corporate trainers, and colleges and universities.  \nFrom educators’ perspective, CBT increases learning performance (Khoshsima and Toroujeni, 2017) and provides instant results (Wise, 2019) . To increase CBT benefits, Walker and Handley (2016) propose a framework for learner engagement activities: orientation to assessment methods, CBT guidance for learners, and navigational designs. The framework includes (1) providing “the rationale and the suitability of the assessment methods to the discipline being assessed” (p. 2), (2) giving “authentic” practice opportunities (i.e., test-taking strategies and‘digital’ skills) and exposure to CBT exam environments (i.e., hardware, software, and navigation), and (3) incorporating better  \nnavigation designs, time management, and question sequencing (Walker and Handley, 2016) . While some educators are aware of the learner engagement activities, they generally presume that students are experienced testtakers or have some familiarity with CBT.  \nHowever, CBT can be rigid, inflexible, and insensitive to learners’ needs. For some students, CBT can lead to dissatisfaction and apprehension (Kim, 2015) . The assumption that students are proficient CBT test-takers allows educators to attribute poor test performance to a lack of effort, absenteeism, or disinterest in learning. However, this is not always the case. We need to understand that CBT, regardless of how welldesigned or easy-to-use it may be, is not comparable to a simple paper-based test. Like computing platforms, CBT interfaces vary across different learning management systems, such as Sakai, Moodle, Desire2Learn, Open edX, Google Classroom, and many others. Different operations and navigation designs may lead to unanticipated usage scenarios, especially when test-takers have no experience with a particular CBT platform.  \nWhile its navigation is cumbersome, CBT also depends on reliable and fast internet connections. Typically, exam duration does not account for network delay and other technological challenges","cbCaipRNGY3Ny4wv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipRNGY3Ny4wv","pdf",305062,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Computer-based testing benefits and adoption\n## Limitations and sources of anxiety\n## Anxiety-performance relationship and perceived control\n## Playfulness and its role in CBT experience","[{\"question\":\"How does navigational design affect CBT anxiety?\",\"answer\":\"Navigational design significantly impacts perceived behavioral control, which in turn influences CBT anxiety along with CBT playfulness.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can CBT produce more anxiety than paper-based testing?\",\"answer\":\"CBT can be rigid and less aligned with learners’ needs, and it also introduces issues such as reliance on fast internet, network delays, and less straightforward revision and error checking.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does playfulness play in CBT-related outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Playfulness traits can reduce CBT anxiety and support test-taker confidence and engagement, which can help performance.\"}]","Antecedents of Computer-based Testing (CBT) Anxiety and Performance | PDF",28]