[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-321966-105":59,"doc-detail-321966-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","another-look-at-part-time-employment-economic-commentary","Another Look at Part-time Employment - Economic Commentary","","The text challenges misconceptions about rapid growth of part-time work in the U.S. job market, using a March 1994 case and Bureau of Labor Statistics employment data. It contrasts establishment payroll figures with household survey measures, clarifying that the “number of new jobs created” is a net change that can mislead comparisons. The commentary explains how part-time status is defined by hours worked, estimates part-time workers, and argues that net comparisons between datasets lack interpretive validity for conclusions about job quality or shares.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/another-look-at-part-time-employment-economic-commentary/321966/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/another-look-at-part-time-employment-economic-commentary/321966.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rowan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do many claims about part-time job growth rely on misleading comparisons?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They compare establishment net payroll changes with household changes in the number of part-time workers. Net changes from two different data sources do not provide enough information to infer what proportion of new positions were part-time.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the main difference between establishment data and household data?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Establishment data count employees firms retain and do not distinguish part-time from full-time, while household data (from the CPS) ask individuals about hours worked in the previous week and classify part-time when hours are under 35 but above zero.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the text define part-time work in the household survey?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Individuals are considered part-time if their reported hours worked in the previous week are less than 35 but greater than zero. The text notes this can undercount part-time positions when people have multiple employers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},321966,1790428789,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","by Max Dupuy and Mark E.Schweitzer  \nPart-time workers are among the fastest-growing segments of the U.S.job market.When a record 456,000jobs were cre-ated during March,politicians and ad-ministration economists hailed it as asign ofa healthy economy.Few men-tioned that 350,000 of those jobs werepart time—many with low pay and nobenefits.  \n—The Detroit News,April 8,1994¹  \nThe U.S.Department of Labor reportsthat two ofevery three jobs created inMarch were part-time positions.Since1973,the number of Americans whowant full-timejobs but can onlyfindpart-time work has nearly tripled.…—The Houston Chronicle,May 11,1994²  \nS.  \nince the end of the last recession in1991,newspaper editorialsts and otherpundits have frequently complainedabout part-time work.They claim thatthe labor market has changed fundamen-tally for the worse and that part-timejobs are displacing full-time positions atan alarmingly rapid pace.The implica-tion is that many Americans who wantfull-time jobs are able to find only part-time work.  \nThis view is flawed for three main rea-sons.First,the ranks of part-time work-ers are not actually growing faster onaverage than overall employment.Sec-ond,survey data indicate that most part-time workers would not take full-timehours even if offered.Finally,althoughpart-time jobs sometimes pay less perhour than full-timejobs,there are alsomany well-paying part-time positions.  \n# Another Lookat Part-time Employment\n\nThis Economic Commentary contestsmisconceptions about part-time work,examines part-time wages,and explainshow failure to allow for differences be-tween part-time and full-time workers candistort other labor market comparisons.  \n## ■ Ask Employers or Workers?\n\nMuch confusion about the magnitude ofpart-time employment growth arises frominappropriate comparison of two differentdata sources.Labor market developmentscan be analyzed from the perspective ofeither theemployer or the employee.Both types of employment data are re-ported in the monthly EmploymentSitua-tion release prepared by the Bureau ofLabor Statistics(BLS).Establishmentdata reveal the number of employees thatfirms retain in a given month,whilehousehold data,based on the BLS's Cur-rent Population Survey(CPS),includeemployment questions addressed directlyto individuals.  \nIn the establishmentdata section of Em-ployment Situation,the BLS reports thetotal number of people employed in thatmonth,both overall and in various in-dustries.No distinction is made betweenpart-time and full-time positions.3 Thenet monthly change in employment—the payroll number commonly cited innewspaper headlines—can be deter-mined by comparing data from two con-secutive months.This net monthlychange is often misleadingly referred toas the “number of new jobs created.”For example,according to The DetroitNews,\"a record 456,000 jobs were cre-ated in March.”4  \nFebruary 1,1995  \nMany commentators have taken issuewith employment growth in the cur-rent economic recovery.Some say thatundesirable and low-paying part-timejobs are overtaking full-time work.Such reports overlook expansion inthe labor force,confuse establishmentand household data,and disregarddifferences in worker characteristicsthat can obscure relative wages.  \nIn fact,the total number of jobs actuallycreated in March 1994 was much great-er.The net monthly change of 456,000jobs is just the difference between largeramounts of gross job creation and de-struction.This fine distinction becomesimportant when attempts are made tocompare establishment data with house-hold data in order to draw conclusionsabout part-time work.  \nUnlike the establishment data,householddata differentiate between full-time andpart-time employment.Individuals (fromrandomly chosen households)are askedhow many hours they worked in the pre-vious week.If the answer is less than 35(but greater than zero),the worker isconsidered part time.Based on the CPSconducted in March 1994,an estimated  \n22.5 million workers qualified for part-time classification in tha","cbCailczdKtBXT30","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailczdKtBXT30","pdf",1354377,"English","# Another Look at Part-time Employment\n## Ask Employers or Workers?\n## Relative Trends in Part-time and Full-time Work","[{\"question\":\"Why do many claims about part-time job growth rely on misleading comparisons?\",\"answer\":\"They compare establishment net payroll changes with household changes in the number of part-time workers. Net changes from two different data sources do not provide enough information to infer what proportion of new positions were part-time.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main difference between establishment data and household data?\",\"answer\":\"Establishment data count employees firms retain and do not distinguish part-time from full-time, while household data (from the CPS) ask individuals about hours worked in the previous week and classify part-time when hours are under 35 but above zero.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the text define part-time work in the household survey?\",\"answer\":\"Individuals are considered part-time if their reported hours worked in the previous week are less than 35 but greater than zero. The text notes this can undercount part-time positions when people have multiple employers.\"}]","Another Look at Part-time Employment - Economic Commentary | PDF",1789960702,13]