[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-112627-en":3,"doc-seo-112627-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":82},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},112627,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Annex 7 - Expanding Women’s Participation in Yemen’s Economy and Society","Annex 7 outlines the context and theory of change for expanding women’s participation in Yemen’s economy and society. It highlights extremely low female labor force participation, widespread vulnerable employment, and barriers to financial assets such as bank accounts, national IDs, and formal credit access. It also describes the compound impacts of conflict on education, health, nutrition, and time burdens. The theory of change prioritizes high-impact, socially acceptable interventions that stabilize consumption and nutrition, improve access to services, and connect women to sustainable livelihoods while gradually shifting norms.","Public Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nAnnex 7 – Expanding Women’s Participation in Yemen’s Economy and Society  \nCross cutting enabler: Increase the participation of women in society and the economy  \nA. The context of Women in Yemen  \n1. Female labor force participation in Yemen remains among the lowest in the world, at an estimated 6 percent compared to 65 percent for men4. Among those who work, 63.7 percent are in vulnerable employment, characterized by poor working conditions and a lack of protection against economic shocks (Gender Data Landscape, 2025 ; John et al, 2024). Women’s economic activities are predominantly necessity-driven, informal, and concentrated in micro-sized enterprises such as tailoring and food production, although they are increasingly entering nontraditional fields such as construction, solar energy, and digital microwork. However, working women continue to face a \"dual burden\", as social norms dictate they remain solely responsible for domestic care and childcare regardless of their employment status.  \n2. Access to financial and productive assets is severely restricted for Yemeni women, with only 5 percent of those aged 15 and above owning a bank account (Gender Data Landscape, 2025) . Structural and legal barriers, such as the frequent requirement for male guarantors or physical collateral systemically exclude women from formal credit (John et al, 2024). Women's share of microfinance borrowers has fallen sharply, from 55 percent in 2014 to 43 percent by 2019, as conflict disrupted a sector that once served as the primary financial channel for women excluded from formal banking(Al-Shaibani, M., 2020) . Furthermore, only 27 percent of women possess a national ID card, a critical barrier that prevents them from opening independent bank accounts, accessing digital wallets, or formalizing their enterprises ( Shah et al, 2025) .  \n3. The conflict and resulting economic devastation have significantly eroded human capital and narrowed access to essential services for women and girls. Girls are less likely to complete lower secondary school (42 percent) compared to boys (56 percent), and child marriage is increasingly used by families as a coping mechanism to ease financial stress (Gender Data Landscape, 2025; World Bank 2024). Yemen’s maternal mortality ratio remains alarmingly high, compounded by a severe shortage of female healthcare staff and the collapse of health facilities (Gender Data Landscape, 2025 ; Shah et al, 2025) . Nutritional status is also dire, with 3.5 million children acutely malnourished, 25% of women of reproductive age underweight and over 70% anemic (MICS 2022/23) . Women and girls also bear the disproportionate burden of fetching water, often spending hours daily on this task (World Bank, 2023) .  \n4. Deeply entrenched gender norms further constrain women’s participation in economic and public life. Mobility restriction, including the Mahram (male guardian) practice, limit women’s ability to travel for work, attend training, or access markets ( Shah et al, 2025) . Societal disapproval of women working outside the home remains widespread (Blumen Consulting, 2025) . Women who engage in economic activities face harassment during commutes or in workplaces, and access to support services remains limited and uneven. At the same time, positive shifts are occurring, with some women navigating structural barriers, and some men also supporting a range of positive shifts of women’s agency in Yemen. There are important opportunities to expand upon utilizing and applying existing evidence-based tools and solutions.  \nB. Theory of change  \n5. Yemen cannot achieve meaningful job creation and livelihood improvement while excluding half its population from economic participation and without addressing the underlying normative barriers that  \n4 This figure needs an update, as the last labor force survey conducted in Yemen was in 2013-14. Furthermore, previous surveys did not a","cbCaionowT66cDiq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaionowT66cDiq","pdf",269881,1,5,"English","en",105,"# Annex 7 - Expanding Women’s Participation in Yemen’s Economy and Society\n## A. The context of Women in Yemen\n## B. Theory of change","[{\"question\":\"What is the CPF’s theory of change for increasing women’s participation?\",\"answer\":\"The CPF emphasizes socially acceptable, high-impact interventions that balance ambition with acceptability. 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