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Measurements of anteroposterior diameter (APD), interpedicular distance (IPD), and cervical intervertebral foramen dimensions (CIFD) were collected from 1000 patients aged 18–35 without spinal pathology. CCS was defined as values two standard deviations below the study mean. Results and conclusions report CT-based threshold values and show significant influence by demographic factors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/anatomic-parameters-for-diagnosing-congenital-cervical-stenosis-via-computed-tomography/443236/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/anatomic-parameters-for-diagnosing-congenital-cervical-stenosis-via-computed-tomography/443236.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What measurements were used to define diagnostic parameters for congenital cervical stenosis (CCS)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study measured anteroposterior diameter (APD), interpedicular distance (IPD), and cervical intervertebral foramen dimensions (CIFD) using computed tomography (CT).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was CCS defined in this research?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"CCS was determined as two standard deviations below the mean of the collected CT measurements.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which patient factors were found to influence the CCS diagnostic thresholds?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The thresholds were significantly influenced by patient sex, race, and ethnicity, with differences reported between males vs females and between African American vs White patients.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},443236,1790795023,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2026) 48:32 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03797-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03797-4)  \nRESEARCH  \nAnatomic parameters for diagnosing congenital cervical stenosis via computed tomography  \nDavid Shin1 · Brandon Shin2 · Daniel Im1 · Timothy Tang1 · Chandler Dinh1 · Carson Cummings1 · Zachary Brandt1 · Kai Nguyen1 · Davis Carter1 · Mei Carter1 · Jacob Razzouk1 · Taha M. Taka3 · Gideon Harianja3 · VaheYacoubian3 · Muhammad Abd-El-Barr4 · Nathaniel Wycliffe5 · Wayne Cheng6 · Olumide Danisa4,7  \nReceived: 2 April 2025 / Accepted: 7 December 2025 © The Author(s) 2026  \nAbstract  \nPurpose To establish parameters for congenital cervical stenosis (CCS) using computed tomography (CT), assessing influences of patient sex, race, and ethnicity.  \nMethods Measurements were collected of anteroposterior diameter (APD), interpedicular distance (IPD) and cervical intervertebral foramen dimensions (CIFD) from 1000 patients between 18 and 35 years of age without spinal pathology. CCS was determined as two standard deviations below the mean of the collected measurements.  \nResults Irrespective of vertebral level, mean anatomicAPD, CIFD and IPD measurements were as follows: 14.94 ± 1.99 mm forAPD, 6.58 ± 1.45 mm and 6.68 ± 1.45 mm for left and right widths, of 9.30 ± 2.30 mm and 9.25 ± 2.80 mm for left and right heights, 57.0 ± 19.2 mm2 and 59.5 ± 20.3 mm2 for left and right areas, and 25.4 ± 1.78 mm for IPD. Irrespective of vertebral level, threshold values for CCS were 10.96 mm for APD, 3.68 mm and 3.78 mm for left and right widths, of 4.70 mm and 3.65 mm for left and right heights, 20.6 mm2 and 19 mm2 for left and right areas, and 21.8 mm for IPD. Males demonstrated larger CCS threshold values than females for left and right CIFD area and APD. African American patients had smaller CIFDs and APD, and subsequent CCS thresholds compared to White patients.  \nConclusions This study reports measurements of CIFD, IPD, and APD to establish quantitative thresholds for diagnosis of CCS. CCS thresholds were significantly influenced by patient sex, race, and ethnicity.  \nKeywords Cervical · Computed tomography · Stenosis · Neurology  \n􀀍 David Shin [davidshin0807@gmail.com](davidshin0807@gmail.com)  \nOlumide Danisa  \n[olumide.danisa@duke.edu](olumide.danisa@duke.edu)  \n1 Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA  \n2 Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA  \n3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA  \n4 Departments of Orthopaedic and Neurological Surgery, Duke University Healthcare Center, Durham, NC, USA  \n5 Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA  \n6 Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Hospital, Loma Linda, CA, USA  \n7 Division of Spine Surgery, Duke University Health System (DUHS), 200 Trent Drive, Room 5330, Durham, NC 27710-04000, USA  \nIntroduction  \nCongenital cervical stenosis (CCS) refers to a condition in which an individual has developmental narrowing of their cervical spinal canal [1] . CCS has been reported to cause symptoms of degenerative disease such as pain and cervical myelopathy, and proper diagnosis is essential for treatment and preventative interventions [2] . Current diagnosis often relies on interpretation of radiographic images, and the establishment of universally accepted diagnostic parameters of CCS has been a topic of discussion [1] . In a cadaveric study, Bajwa et al. utilized anatomical measurements of sagittal canal diameter (SCD), interpedicular distance (IPD), and pedicle length to determine parameters of diagnosing CCS [3] . IPD is often measured via radiographic imaging and has been shown to be an indirect measurement of vertebral foramen area [4] . Additional measurements often taken via radiographic imaging is that of anteroposterior  \n1 3  \ndiameter (APD) and cervical intervertebr","cbCaiobyMrBiN612","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiobyMrBiN612","pdf",1170886,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Purpose\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Introduction\n# Materials and methods\n## Patient selection","[{\"question\":\"What measurements were used to define diagnostic parameters for congenital cervical stenosis (CCS)?\",\"answer\":\"The study measured anteroposterior diameter (APD), interpedicular distance (IPD), and cervical intervertebral foramen dimensions (CIFD) using computed tomography (CT).\"},{\"question\":\"How was CCS defined in this research?\",\"answer\":\"CCS was determined as two standard deviations below the mean of the collected CT measurements.\"},{\"question\":\"Which patient factors were found to influence the CCS diagnostic thresholds?\",\"answer\":\"The thresholds were significantly influenced by patient sex, race, and ethnicity, with differences reported between males vs females and between African American vs White patients.\"}]","Anatomic parameters for diagnosing congenital cervical stenosis via computed tomography | PDF",1790703379,28]