[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-145608-en":3,"doc-seo-145608-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":88},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":11,"language":21,"language_code":22,"site_id":23,"html_lang":22,"table_of_contents":24,"faqs":25,"seo_title":26,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},145608,687207022233,"Connor ","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",2,"Literature","ANARCHIST PORTRAITS - Book Review","Anarchist Portraits is presented as a collection of essays that examines the lives and guiding ideas of key figures in the anarchist movement, including Kropotkin, Bakunin, Proudhon, Makhno, and others. The review focuses on Paul Avrich’s treatment of Bakunin’s legacy, highlighting repeated misunderstandings regarding immediate revolution, violence, leadership, and secret organizational practice. It argues that Avrich’s interpretations misrepresent Bakunin’s libertarian principles and contradict established historical assessments.","# ANARCHIST PORTRAITS\n\nReviewed by Sam Dolgoff  \n## Anarchist Portraits,by Paul Avrich.Princeton University Press,1988.\n\nPaul Avrich's latest book,Anarchist Portraits,is a collection of essays dealingwith the lives and leading ideas of outstanding figures in the world anarchist  \nmovement;among them Kropotkin,Nestor Makhno,Proudhon,BenjaminTucker,Sacco and Vanzetti,Luigi Galleani,Saul Yanofsky,Mollie Steimer,Voline,Gustave Landauer,Ricardo Flores Magon and others.  \nSince Bakunin was one of the pioneers of the modern anarcho-syndicalistmovement and his writings(as Avrich puts it)\"illuminate some of the mostimportant questions of modern times…,\"we are particularly interested in hisessay \"The Legacy of Bakunin.\"While the essay does contain some valuableinsights,it unfortunately repeats widely-held misconceptions of a number ofBakunin's fundamental ideas.A few examples:  \nBakunin was not \"a firm believer in immediate revolution.\":  \nRevolutions are not made arbitrarily...They are always brought about by the natural forceof events...Their explosion can never be artificially accelerated...Spontaneity andinstinct are not enough.They are ineffectual because they lack two indispensableconditions:Organization and Knowledge.(Policy of the International)  \nSome historians foster the impression that Bakunin advocated indiscriminateviolence.To the contrary,he opposed regicide and stressed repeatedly thatdestruction must be directed not against persons but institutions:\"It will thenbecome unnecessary to destroy men and reap the inevitable reaction whichmassacre of human beings have never failed and never will fail to produce inevery society.\"(Program of the International)  \nAvrich's comments on the revolutionary role of peasants in rural areas andurban industrial workers do not represent Bakunin's ideas on this very importantproblem.  \nin order that the peasants rise up,it is absolutely necessary that the initiative in therevolutionary movement be taken by the city workers,for it is the latter that combine inthemselves the instincts,the ideas,and conscious will of the Social Revolution.Con-sequently,the whole danger threatening the existence of states is focussed in the cityproletariat.(The Political Philosophy of Bakunin.G.P.Maximoff,page 375,quoted.)  \nThe contention that Bakunin \"had an urge to dominate others in arevolutionary dictatorship\"created by himself and subject \"to a strict hierarchyand unconditional obedience to his will\"in contradiction to his libertarianprinciples is similarly false.Here,summarized,are Bakunin's views:Bakuninworked out elaborate internal statutes for the secret organization of theInternational Brotherhood in the style of the Masons and the Italian Carbonaribecause these and all other subversive organizations were forced to operatesecretly.But he never regarded himself as a dictator.The one and only purpose ofthe organization was to destroy all government and make governmentsimpossible everywhere.The organization would keep watch everywhere to ensurethat States and Governments could never be rebuilt,but neither the association asa whole or any ofits members were to take any kind of public office.  \nIn this connection Bakunin predicted that what Avrich calls the \"greatestrevolutions of the twentieth century\"(like Russia and China)were actuallycounter-revolutions which led to the re-establishment of the State and monopoly ofpower-a fact established by all responsible historians.  \nBakunin's secret organizations were actually informal fraternities connectedby personal contact and correspondence(similar,in later years,to the AnarchistFederation of Iberia [FAI]\"affinity\"groups of intimate,like minded friends andassociates),a type of organization preferred by the members of the secretrevolutionary Alliance and other groupings,all temporary.This view wasconfirmed by Bakunin himself when he induced his close comrade-in-armsJames Guillame to join the secret Alliance,stressing that:\"the Alliance is not  \nlike the old c","cbCailfy75tfttf5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailfy75tfttf5","pdf",483943,1,"English","en",105,"# ANARCHIST PORTRAITS\n## Overview of the collection\n## The Legacy of Bakunin and key rebuttals\n## Immediate revolution, organization, and knowledge\n## Violence, institutions, and opposition to regicide\n## Peasants, workers, and the role of city labor\n## Dictatorship, secret organizations, and intent\n## Predictions about great revolutions\n## Alliance, solidarity, and informal organization","[{\"question\":\"What is Anarchist Portraits, as described in the text?\",\"answer\":\"It is a collection of essays examining the lives and leading ideas of prominent figures in the anarchist movement.\"},{\"question\":\"Which essay in the collection draws special attention in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review centers on “The Legacy of Bakunin,” discussing how the author’s interpretations are challenged.\"},{\"question\":\"What main criticisms are directed at Avrich’s portrayal of Bakunin?\",\"answer\":\"The text argues that Avrich repeats misconceptions about Bakunin’s views on revolution timing, violence, leadership or hierarchy, and the nature and purpose of secret organizations.\"}]","ANARCHIST PORTRAITS - Book Review | 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is Anarchist Portraits, as described in the text?","Question",{"text":72,"@type":73},"It is a collection of essays examining the lives and leading ideas of prominent figures in the anarchist movement.","Answer",{"name":75,"@type":70,"acceptedAnswer":76},"Which essay in the collection draws special attention in the review?",{"text":77,"@type":73},"The review centers on “The Legacy of Bakunin,” discussing how the author’s interpretations are challenged.",{"name":79,"@type":70,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What main criticisms are directed at Avrich’s portrayal of Bakunin?",{"text":81,"@type":73},"The text argues that Avrich repeats misconceptions about Bakunin’s views on revolution timing, violence, leadership or hierarchy, and the nature and purpose of secret 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