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Researchers collect self-reported state leader demographics and state education characteristics and apply correlation analysis to examine relationships between ethical leadership perspectives and these variables. 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Demographics, and State Education  \nCharacteristics  \nBy Denver J. Fowler 􀀍  \nRaymonnesha Edwards†  \nHsien-Yuan Hsu +  \nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the ethical leadership perspectives of state superintendents across the United States, including the District of Columbia, and the Department of Defense. Secondly, the researchers examined to what extent the ethical leadership perspectives of state superintendents were correlated with school leader demographics. Furthermore, the researchers examined to what extent the ethical leadership perspectives of the state superintendents were correlated with state education characteristics. Included in this survey were the Ethical Leadership Scale (ELS) and Social Desirability Scale (SDS). The ELS was used to measure the ethical leadership perspectives of superintendents in the study. The SDS was used to measure the socially desirable response tendencies of superintendents in the study. Additionally, the researchers collected self-reported state leader demographics and state education characteristics. The survey was sent to 38 state superintendents in the United States. A correlation analysis was used to analyze the data. This analysis was used to determine the correlation between the superintendents’ ethical leadership perspectives and the self-reported state leader demographics and state education characteristics. Furthermore, the correlation analysis was used to identify which variables (state leader demographics and state education characteristics) have the strongest predictive relationship with the ethical leadership perspectives of the superintendents in the study.  \nKeywords: State Superintendent, Ethical Leadership Perspectives, United States, State Leader Demographics, State Education Characteristics.  \nIntroduction  \nBackground of the Study  \nSince the launching of Sputnik by Russia in 1957, America has pushed for reforms in education to raise student achievement in comparison with other nations, as it appeared to the general public that the United States was lacking  \n􀀍Assistant Professor, Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, California State University, Sacramento, USA.  \n†Ronald E. McNair Scholar, The University of Mississippi, USA.  \n+Assistant Professor, Educational Research, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, USA.  \n[https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.5-3-1](https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.5-3-1) doi=10.30958/aje.5-3-1  \nin the accumulation and production of knowledge. According to Education Week’s Quality Counts 2016 report, the United States overall score for education is a C with an average of 74.4%. Additionally, the report provided individual letter grades for each state with the lowest grade being a D (65.2) for the State of Nevada and the highest grade a B (86.8) for the State of Massachusetts. Although the United States once led the way in educationfrom a global standpoint, today, many believethe United States has fallen behind other countries around the globe. In fact, the world education rankings rank the United States twelfth. With such facts made known, tremendous pressure has been placed on those in power to create policies aimed to correct these steadily rising issues with regards to what many perceive as our declining quality of education in the United States.  \nReforms put in place by former President of the United States, George W. Bush (No Child Left Behind) and current President Barack Obama (Race to the Top), were efforts created to improve the education systems here in America. However, state superintendents are the individuals who examine the needs of education in their respective states, and decide what is best for education in their states with regards to the initiatives, policies, and reforms adopted (Bon, 2012). Therefore, as state superintendents are charged with making such decisions with regards to the","cbCaijUkpa0rCACY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijUkpa0rCACY","pdf",2405428,38,"English","# Introduction\n## Background of the Study\n## Statement of the Problem","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates ethical leadership perspectives of state superintendents across the United States and examines how those perspectives relate to leader demographics and state education characteristics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which measurement tools are used in the survey?\",\"answer\":\"The Ethical Leadership Scale (ELS) measures ethical leadership perspectives, and the Social Desirability Scale (SDS) measures socially desirable response tendencies.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the relationship between ethical leadership and other variables analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"Correlation analysis is used to determine whether ethical leadership perspectives are correlated with self-reported state leader demographics and state education characteristics, and to identify the strongest predictive variables.\"}]","An Investigation of State Superintendents in the United States - Ethical Leadership Perspectives, State Leader Demographics, and State Education Characteristics | PDF",1792074987,96]