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The study analyzes (1) the underlying philosophy, (2) diagnostic modeling strategies for inferring student shortcomings from observed behavior, and (3) explicit tutorial strategies for timing the tutor’s guidance. Examples are drawn from a computer-based coaching system for a simple game, “How the West Was Won,” with the goal of making the required tutorial knowledge explicit for building robust, friendly, intelligent systems for home or classroom use.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/an-investigation-of-computer-coaching-for-informal-learning-activities/182969/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/an-investigation-of-computer-coaching-for-informal-learning-activities/182969.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-09-02",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the paper on computer coaching systems?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It provides an in-depth view of computer-based tutoring/coaching systems, focusing on their philosophy, diagnostic modeling, and tutorial strategy requirements.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper describe diagnostic modeling in these coaching systems?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Diagnostic modeling strategies are used to infer students’ shortcomings by observing their behavior and interpreting that evidence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What example game is used to illustrate the tutorial and coaching issues?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The paper draws examples from a computer-based coaching system for a simple game titled “How the West Was Won.”","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},182969,1788350671,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","DOC冀MT RES082  \n君D 167.126  \nBurton,.Richard R.;Brcwn,'Jchn Seely  \nA0THOR  \nAn Investiqation of Ccxputer.Coaching for\"InformraI·Learninq,:Activties.  \nTITL E  \nBolt,Beranek and Newman,Inc.Cambridge,MassAd vanced Research Progects Agenoy(DCD),ashington,  \nINST ITOTION  \nSPONS AG ENCY  \nD.C.  \nBBN-3914Auq 78  \nREPO RT NO  \nPOB DATE  \nM DA-903-76-C-010835p.  \n# CONTRACT\n\nNOTE  \n# ED RS PRICE\n\nMF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Fostage.  \n*Computer Assisted Instructicn;Diagnostic Teaching;*Educational Strat egics;Game Theory;  Ncdels;Teachinq Proced ures;*Tutorial P′rograms  \n# DESCRIPTORS\n\nABSTRACT  \nThis paper provides anin-de pth view of computerba sed tutoring/coaching systems and(1)the philoscphy behind them,  \n(2)the kinds of diagnostic modeling strategles reguired tò.infer,astudents shortcomings,from observing?his beha.vior,and(3)the rangeof explicit tutorial'strateqies needed for drecting the tutor to saythe riqht thinq at the riqht time:Exarles cf the se issues weredrawn for a computer based;system for a simrle game--How the West Waswon。The intention was to m ake explicit the vast amounts,cf tutcrfa1knrowledae required tc 'construct a coaching system that fe robust,friend1y,and intelliqent enough to survive in hcme cr classroomuse.(A uthor/JEG)  \n6  \nВоИ Вегапек апа МемтАттсоn    rIOA wuLAINATi0NA2IMTITuT  oEDUCAToTHI5 pocuM  刹T HDucB口E展AcTL A5 Ded.TNE PER50NnRngcANATING 1 PQIN¹5 OF yi571ATEDlp0 Nr NECFSВВМ Вороп Мо. ЗЭТА5AToFICIAL NATIONAENI   rrEouCATIONeo51TION 0ICAI Report No.12·  \n# An Investigation of Computer Coachigfor Informal Learning Activities\n\nRichard R.Burton and JohnSeely BrownAugust 19782  \nE0167126  \n.o02879  \n肇  \n7。  \nTo appear in:  \nBrian Gatnes(Ed.)International Journal of Man-Machine Studies1978,  \n# AN INVESTIGATION OF COMPUTER COACHING1INFORMAL LEARNING ACTIVITIES\n\nRichard R.Burton and John Seely Brown  \n7  \nAugust 1978  \nThis research was supported in part py the Advanced Research Projects Agency,Air |Force Human Resources Laboratory,Army Research Institute for Behavioraland Social Sciences,and Navy Personnel Research and Development Center underContract No.MDA903-76-C-0108  \nThe views and conclusions contained in this'document are those of the authorsand!should not be,interpreted as hecessarily representing the officia1policies,either expressed or implled,of the U.S.Government.  \nsEGU前ITY CLASSIPICATIOM OP THI8 PAGE(Wen Daa Entered)  \n\n| REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE   |  | READ INSTRUCTIONS  \u003Cbr>BEFORE COMPLETING PORM,   |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| MLPOWT NUML下  \u003Cbr>BBN Report\\#3914   | 2.GoVT ACCESIO NO.   | RECIPIENT's CATALOG NUM器 典   |\n| 4.TITLE(u subttlo)  \u003Cbr>An Investlgatfon of Computer Coaching for  \u003Cbr>Informal learnlng Activites   |  | REPoRT△PERIoD coVEAED  \u003Cbr>,,TYPE o下  \u003Cbr>Technical Report   |\n|  |  | 6,PERFORMING ORQ.REPORY NUMBE   |\n| 7,AUTHOR(4)  \u003Cbr>Richard R.Burton and John.Seely Browk   |  | B.CONTRACT OH GAANT NUMBERO)  \u003Cbr>MDA903-76-C-0108   |\n| 9.PERFORMING OAGAN1ZATION NAME AND ADDRE5S  \u003Cbr>Bolt Beranek  \u003Cbr>and Newman Inc.  \u003Cbr>50 Moulton Street  \u003Cbr>02138  \u003Cbr>Cambridge,MA   |  | T0,PROGRAM ELEMENT,PROJECT,TASK  \u003Cbr>AREAaWoAK UNIT NUMBBR   |\n| 11.CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS  \u003Cbr>Defense Advanced Research Ppojects Agency  \u003Cbr>1400 Wilson Boulevard  \u003Cbr>Arlington.VA  22209   |  | 12.FEPORT DATE  \u003Cbr>Au  \u003Cbr>ugust 1978   |\n|  |  | 13.  \u003Cbr>FUMBER OoF PAGES  \u003Cbr>28   |\n| MONITORINGAGENCY NAMEb ADDRESSI dillorenl from Controllina Oillce)  \u003Cbr>Air Force Human Resources aboratory  \u003Cbr>Lowry AFB/Technical Training  \u003Cbr>Denver,Colorado   |  | 15.  \u003Cbr>5ECURITY CLASS.(ol thlo report);  \u003Cbr>Unclassified   |\n|  |  | DECLASSIFICATION/DoWNGRADING  \u003Cbr>15a.  \u003Cbr>SCHEDULE   |\n| 16.DISTBUTION STATEMENJ (0t ihlu Report)   |  |  |\n| DSTRiBUTio STATEMENT fol ihe btre niered n D/ock 20,1ia¹ernt trom Rener)  \u003Cbr>Approved for pub₁1c release;  \u003Cbr>distribution unlimited  \u003Cbr>C   |  |  |\n| 18,SUPRLEMENTARY NOTES  \u003Cbr>This research was supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects  \u003Cbr>Agency,Air Forc","cbCaipNq98iJU52D","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipNq98iJU52D","pdf",1980301,36,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Coaching Instructional Systems\n## Diagnostic Modeling","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the paper on computer coaching systems?\",\"answer\":\"It provides an in-depth view of computer-based tutoring/coaching systems, focusing on their philosophy, diagnostic modeling, and tutorial strategy requirements.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper describe diagnostic modeling in these coaching systems?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnostic modeling strategies are used to infer students’ shortcomings by observing their behavior and interpreting that evidence.\"},{\"question\":\"What example game is used to illustrate the tutorial and coaching issues?\",\"answer\":\"The paper draws examples from a computer-based coaching system for a simple game titled “How the West Was Won.”\"}]","An Investigation of Computer Coaching for Informal Learning Activities | PDF",91]