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Sabine Meinck, Diego Cortes 1  \n1 All authors are affiliated with IEA, Hamburg, Germany.  \nTable of Contents  \n1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 4  \n2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6  \n3 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................................... 9  \n3.1 Standard Errors in ILSAs............................................................................................................... 9  \n3.2 Variance Estimators ..................................................................................................................... 10  \n3.3 Variance Strata ............................................................................................................................ 11  \n3.4 Replication Methods .................................................................................................................... 13  \n3.4.1 Jackknife Repeated Replication (JK2) ..................................................................................... 13  \n3.4.2 Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) .................................................................................... 15  \n3.4.3 Bootstrapping .......................................................................................................................... 19  \n3.5 Differences in Building Variance Strata in ILSAs.......................................................................20  \n3.5.1 Non-Response ......................................................................................................................... 20  \n3.5.2 Odd number of PSUs in the explicit stratum ........................................................................... 21  \n3.6 Current State of Research ............................................................................................................22  \n4 The Current Study: Research Questions ..............................................................................................24  \n5 Methods................................................................................................................................................27  \n5.1 Simulated Population ...................................................................................................................28  \n5.2 Sampling Design and Weights .....................................................................................................31  \n5.3 Variance Estimators and Replicate Weights ................................................................................35  \n5.3.1 Jackknife Repeated Replication (JK2) ..................................................................................... 35  \n5.3.2 Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) .................................................................................... 36  \n5.3.3 Bootstrapping .......................................................................................................................... 37  \n5.4 Number of Replicate Weights ......................................................................................................39  \n5.5 Estimated Parameters of Interest .................................................................................................41  \n5.6 Relative Bias and Stability of Variance Estimators .....................................................................43  \n6 Results..................................................................................................................................................44  \n6.1 Means (Overall) ...........","cbCaigQnaspVShfX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigQnaspVShfX","pdf",1480403,93,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Theoretical Framework\n## Standard Errors in ILSAs\n## Variance Estimators\n## Variance Strata\n## Replication Methods\n## Differences in Building Variance Strata in ILSAs\n# The Current Study: Research Questions\n# Methods\n## Simulated Population\n## Sampling Design and Weights\n## Variance Estimators and Replicate Weights\n## Number of Replicate Weights\n## Estimated Parameters of Interest\n## Relative Bias and Stability of Variance Estimators\n# Results\n## Means (Overall)\n## Sub-Group Means (Gender = Girls)\n## Differences in Sub-Group Means (Girls-Boys)\n## Percentiles (25th, 50th, 75th)\n## Benchmark Percentages\n## Correlations\n## Summary across all Results\n# Discussion and Recommendations","[{\"question\":\"What variance estimation approaches are evaluated in the report?\",\"answer\":\"The report evaluates Jackknife repeated replication (JK2), balanced repeated replication (BRR), and bootstrapping, focusing on how they estimate variance in ILSAs.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study assess performance of variance estimators?\",\"answer\":\"Performance is assessed through simulation, including sampling design and weights, estimation of parameters of interest, and evaluation of relative bias and stability of variance estimators.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of results are presented in the findings section?\",\"answer\":\"Results include overall means, subgroup means and differences, percentiles, benchmark percentages, correlations, and scenario-based summaries such as regular sample, odd number of schools, and non-response.\"}]","An Examination of the Performance of Variance Estimators in International Large-Scale Assessments - Final Report | PDF",234]