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Educational inputs include school size–teacher ratios, computer availability measures, internet access, and smartboards; educational outputs use average student grades. Data envelopment analysis shows total efficiency for Australia, Canada, Denmark, Korea, and Norway, while others lacking total efficiency exhibit increasing returns to scale.",{"@graph":14,"@context":77},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/an-examination-of-educational-inputs-with-the-data-envelopment-analysis-the-example-of-icils-2013/602736/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/an-examination-of-educational-inputs-with-the-data-envelopment-analysis-the-example-of-icils-2013/602736.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69,73],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The study compares how efficiently different countries use educational inputs that affect information and communication technology literacy.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What data and method are used?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The analysis uses survey model data from 21 ICILS 2013 participating countries and applies data envelopment analysis to assess efficiency.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How are educational inputs and outputs defined?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Educational inputs are measured through ratios involving school size, teachers, computers, computers available to students, computers with internet access, and smartboards; educational outputs are the average student grades from ICILS 2013.",{"name":74,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Which countries are identified as having total efficiencies?",{"text":76,"@type":64},"Australia, Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario), Denmark, Korea, and Norway are reported as the countries with total efficiencies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":79,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":83,"site_id":7},602736,1792379553,{"code":4,"msg":86,"data":87},"success",[88,92,96,100,105,109,114,118,123,126,130],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},8,30,"research-report",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":121,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":125},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":129},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":133},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":86,"data":135},{"doc_id":83,"user_id":136,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":115,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research  \nVolume 14, Issue 3 September 2019 [epasr.penpublishing.net](epasr.penpublishing.net)[ ](epasr.penpublishing.net)ISSN: 1949-4270 (Print) 1949-4289 (Online)  \nAn examination of educational inputs with the data envelopment analysis: The example of ICILS 2013  \nDurmus Ozbasi & Gokhan Ilgaz  \nTo cite this article  \nOzbasi, D. & Ilgaz, G. (2019) . An examination of educational inputs with the data envelopment analysis: The example of ICILS 2013. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 14(3), 129-153. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2019.208.7  \n\n| Published Online | September 29, 2019 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Article Views | 12 single - 35 cumulative |\n| Article Download | 48 single - 93 cumulative |\n| DOI | [https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2019.208.7](https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2019.208.7) |\n\nPen Academic is an independent international publisher committed to publishing academic books, journals, encyclopedias, handbooks of research of the highest quality in the fields of Education, Social Sciences, Science and Agriculture. Pen Academic created an open access system to spread the scientific knowledge freely.  \nFor more information about PEN, please contact: [info@penpublishing.net](info@penpublishing.net)  \nThis document downloaded from [96.253.105.162](96.253.105.162) [2 times] Chesterfield / United States on Fri, 18 Oct 2019 21:45:21 +0300  \nPen Academic Publishing, Canakkale/Turkey  \nTelephone: +90 286 243 06 66 | Fax: +90 286 213 08 [00 | info@penpublishing.net | www.penpublishing.net](00 | info@penpublishing.net | www.penpublishing.net)  \nAn Examination of Educational Inputs with the Data Envelopment Analysis: The Example of ICILS 2013*  \nDurmuş ÖZBAŞI1  \nCanakkale Onsekiz Mart University  \nGökhan ILGAZ2  \nTrakya University  \nAbstract  \nThe aim of this study was to determine how efficiently different countries, comparatively, use educational inputs, which are considered to affect information and communication technology literacy. The study was designed using the survey model. The study was conducted with data belonging to 21 countries participating in the International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICIL) 2013. The data of this study were grouped as educational inputs and educational outputs. The educational inputs were the ratio of school size and teachers, the ratio of school size and number of computers, the ratio of school size and number of computers available for students, the ratio of school size and number of computers with access to internet/World Wide Web, and the ratio of school size and number of smartboards. The educational outputs were determined by the average student grades obtained in ICILS 2013. The data were analysed with data envelopment analysis. The research results revealed that relatively, Australia, Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario), Denmark, Korea, and Norway were the countries with total efficiencies. It was determined that with the exception of the Czech Republic, all the countries without total efficiencies had the characteristic of increasing returns to scale. According to the projections that were put forward for countries to become totally efficient, the most reduction recommendations were received for the inputs for ratio of school size and teachers by Argentina (Buenos Aires); for ratio of school size and number of computers, ratio of school size and number of computers available for students, and ratio of school size and number of computers with access to internet/World Wide Web by Turkey; and for ratio of school size and smartboards by Thailand. That is to say, these countries were the ones least able to use these inputs efficiently.  \nKeywords: Educational inputs, educational outputs, data envelopment analysis, computer and information literacy  \nDOI: 10.29329/epasr.2019.208.7  \n*This study was partly presented at the 6. International Instructional Technologies & Teacher Education Symposium, 12-14 October 2018, Trakya Unive","cbCaivleYD3RqL0N","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivleYD3RqL0N","pdf",790270,26,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Education as a lifelong behavioral change process\n## Information technology and education accessibility","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study compares how efficiently different countries use educational inputs that affect information and communication technology literacy.\"},{\"question\":\"What data and method are used?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis uses survey model data from 21 ICILS 2013 participating countries and applies data envelopment analysis to assess efficiency.\"},{\"question\":\"How are educational inputs and outputs defined?\",\"answer\":\"Educational inputs are measured through ratios involving school size, teachers, computers, computers available to students, computers with internet access, and smartboards; educational outputs are the average student grades from ICILS 2013.\"},{\"question\":\"Which countries are identified as having total efficiencies?\",\"answer\":\"Australia, Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario), Denmark, Korea, and Norway are reported as the countries with total efficiencies.\"}]","An Examination of Educational Inputs with the Data Envelopment Analysis - The Example of ICILS 2013 | PDF",1792095148,66]