[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-119728-en":3,"doc-seo-119728-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":11,"language":21,"language_code":22,"site_id":23,"html_lang":22,"table_of_contents":24,"faqs":25,"seo_title":26,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},119728,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697",8,"Research & Report","An Empirical Study of Bugs in Quantum Machine Learning Frameworks - research report","Quantum computing is a fast-growing area within machine learning, promising advantages but requiring dependable software platforms for quantum machine learning (QML) programs. This study investigates bugs commonly seen in QML frameworks by analyzing 391 real-world issues from 22 open-source repositories across nine popular frameworks. Results show 28% of bugs are quantum-specific, a taxonomy of five symptoms and nine root causes is distilled, and four key developer challenges are summarized, supported by actionable quality-improvement suggestions.","An Empirical Study of Bugs in Quantum Machine  \nLearning Frameworks  \nPengzhan Zhao, Xiongfei Wu, Junjie Luo, Zhuo Li, Jianjun Zhao􀀃 Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering  \nKyushu University, Japan  \narXiv :2306 .06369v3 [ cs . SE] 22 Jun 2023  \nAbstract—Quantum computing has emerged as a promising domain for the machine learning (ML) area, offering significant computational advantages over classical counterparts. With the growing interest in quantum machine learning (QML), ensuring the correctness and robustness of software platforms to develop such QML programs is critical. A necessary step for ensuring the reliability of such platforms is to understand the bugs they typically suffer from. To address this need, this paper presents the first comprehensive study of bugs in QML frameworks. We inspect 391 real-world bugs collected from 22 open-source repositories of nine popular QML frameworks. We find that 1) 28% of the bugs are quantum-specific, such as erroneous unitary matrix implementation, calling for dedicated approaches to find and prevent them; 2) We manually distilled a taxonomy of five symptoms and nine root cause of bugs in QML platforms; 3) We summarized four critical challenges for QML framework developers. The study results provide researchers with insights into how to ensure QML framework quality and present several actionable suggestions for QML framework developers to improve their code quality.  \nIndex Terms—quantum machine learning, quantum software testing, quantum program debugging, empirical study  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nQuantum computing has been making immense progress due to increasing computer power and algorithmic advances [5, 8] . Tremendous efforts from industry and academia have greatly stimulated the evolution of this area. Although fault-tolerant quantum computers will likely not be available shortly, recent research on quantum machine learning has revealed the potential of quantum computers to outperform classical computers on machine learning tasks [3] .  \nWith the rapidly growing complexity of quantum programs, it is decisive to alleviate the efforts in programming such quantum programs. Quantum computing framework provides the essential interface (i.e., quantum programming language), compiler, and execution environment for quantum programmers to run quantum programs on a quantum computer ora simulator. Several quantum programming frameworks are available for quantum programmers, such as Qiskit [1] by IBM, Q\\# [21] by Microsoft, and Cirq [9] by Google, allowing researchers and developers to implement and experiment with various quantum programs quickly. Furthermore, stimulated by the prosperity of the classical ML community and the potential of QML techniques, a number of QML frameworks are proposed, such as Torch Quantum [23] and PennyLane [2] .  \n􀀃 zhao@ait.kyushu-u.ac.jp  \nGiven the importance of this rapidly involving field, ensuring the correctness of the underlying QML frameworks deserves high priority. Various approaches exist to prevent and find bugs in quantum computing frameworks, e.g., for bug characteristics [18, 28] or testing [19, 24] . However, little attention has been received to ensure the quality of QML frameworks. One efficient approach to help prevent and detect bugs is understanding and characterizing bugs that exist in the wild [18] . However, there currently is no detailed study of bugs in QML frameworks.  \nTo bridge this gap, we present the first empirical study to characterize bugs in QML frameworks. We collect and inspect a set of 391 real-world bugs from 22 open-source projects, including highly popular repositories such as Torch Quantum and PennyLane. We aim to answer three fundamental questions that remain unclear: How many of these bugs are specific to quantum computing, where do these bugs occur in QML platforms, and how do these bugs manifest? Furthermore, we identify key challenges QML developers face when developing QML platforms. The","cbCaihqpF4t2u6N7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihqpF4t2u6N7","pdf",486876,1,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Research gap and motivation\n## Data collection and research questions\n## Key findings and contributions","[{\"question\":\"What does the study investigate about quantum machine learning frameworks?\",\"answer\":\"It performs an empirical analysis of bugs found in QML frameworks, focusing on how many bugs are quantum-specific, where they occur, and how they manifest.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the bug dataset constructed?\",\"answer\":\"The authors inspected 391 real-world bugs collected from 22 open-source repositories spanning nine popular QML frameworks.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main outcomes reported by the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds 28% quantum-specific bugs, builds a taxonomy of five symptoms and nine root causes, and summarizes four critical challenges for QML framework developers, along with dataset sharing for future research.\"}]","An Empirical Study of Bugs in Quantum Machine Learning Frameworks - research report | PDF",1785725988,20,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":23,"language":22,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"an-empirical-study-of-bugs-in-quantum-machine-learning-frameworks-research-report","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/an-empirical-study-of-bugs-in-quantum-machine-learning-frameworks-research-report/119728/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":22,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What does the study investigate about quantum machine learning frameworks?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It performs an empirical analysis of bugs found in QML frameworks, focusing on how many bugs are quantum-specific, where they occur, and how they manifest.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How was the bug dataset constructed?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"The authors inspected 391 real-world bugs collected from 22 open-source repositories spanning nine popular QML frameworks.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What are the main outcomes reported by the study?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"The study finds 28% quantum-specific bugs, builds a taxonomy of five symptoms and nine root causes, and summarizes four critical challenges for QML framework developers, along with dataset sharing for future research.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":23},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,119,122,126,129,133],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":125},9,"Religion & Spirituality","religion-spirituality",{"id":28,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":128},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":130,"slug":132},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":136},19,"General","general"]